The Catalytic Role of D-block Elements and Their Compounds for Improving Sorption Kinetics of Hydride Materials: A Review

Abstract

The goal of finding efficient and safe hydrogen storage material motivated researchers to develop several materials to fulfil the demand of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). In the past few years, several metal hydrides, complex hydrides such as borohydrides and alanates, have been researched and found efficient due to their high gravimetric and volumetric density. However, the development of these materials is still limited by their high thermodynamic stability and sluggish kinetics. One of the methods to improve the kinetics is to use catalysts. Among the known catalysts for this purpose, transition metals and their compounds are known as the leading contender. The present article reviews the d-block transition metals including Ni, Co, V, Ti, Fe and Nb as catalysts to boost up the kinetics of several hydride systems. Various binary and ternary metal oxides, halides and their combinations, porous structured hybrid designs and metal-based Mxenes have been discussed as catalysts to enhance the de/rehydrogenation kinetics and cycling performance of hydrogen storage systems.

Polyolefin Pyrolysis in Multilayer Fluidized Beds: An Innovative Approach to Obtain Valuable Alternative Fuels

“…The pyrolysis process of polyolefins differed when using cenospheres coated with the iron oxide layer to form the fluidized bed. This variation was explored because d-block metal oxides can catalytically influence degradation processes, and iron oxides are one of the most low-cost materials easily applied to raw cenospheres [41,42]. Additionally, iron oxides can be the source of oxygen, which can lead to a change in the composition of the degradation gaseous products.…”

A Comparative Kinetic Study of Uncatalyzed and Ce(IV) Catalyzed Cetrizine Dihydrochloride Oxidation in Aqueous Acid Medium by Chloramine-T

“…This reagent is a stable, efficient, non-toxic, inexpensive and mild oxidant. Several researchers were studied the mild oxidation kinetics of substrates by chloramine-T [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18].…”

Catalytic characteristics of titanium‐( IV )‐isopropoxide ( TTIP ) on de/re‐hydrogenation of wet ball‐milled MgH 2 / Mg

“…29-37 29-37 Several research groups have also looked into various transition metal-based catalysts in order to increase the performance of Mg/MgH 2 . 18,23,24,[38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45] The use of TiVO 3.5 catalyst resulted in a significant improvement in MgH 2 storage kinetics. 46 TiF 4 is a good catalyst for enhancing the MgH 2 re/dehydrogenation kinetics.…”

“…Researchers have published their findings on Mg‐based alloys for hydrogen storage applications 29‐37 . Several research groups have also looked into various transition metal‐based catalysts in order to increase the performance of Mg/MgH 2 18,23,24,38‐45 . The use of TiVO 3.5 catalyst resulted in a significant improvement in MgH 2 storage kinetics 46 .…”