The Catharanthus Alkaloids:Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology

Abstract

The Catharanthus (or Vinca) alkaloids comprise a group of about 130 terpenoid indole alkaloids. Vinblastine is now marketed for more than 40 years as an anticancer drug and became a true lead compound for drug development. Due to the pharmaceutical importance and the low content in the plant of vinblastine and the related alkaloid vincristine, Catharanthus roseus became one of the best-studied medicinal plants. Consequently it developed as a model system for biotechnological studies on plant secondary metabolism. The aim of this review is to acquaint a broader audience with the recent progress in this research and with its exciting perspectives. The pharmacognostical aspects of the Catharanthus alkaloids cover botanical (including some historical), phytochemical and analytical data. An up-to-date view on the biosynthesis of the alkaloids is given. The pharmacological aspects of these alkaloids and their semi-synthetic derivatives are only discussed briefly. The biotechnological part focuses on alternative production systems for these alkaloids, for example by in vitro culture of C. roseus cells. Subsequently it will be discussed to what extent the alkaloid biosynthetic pathway can be manipulated genetically ("metabolic engineering"), aiming at higher production levels of the alkaloids. Another approach is to produce the alkaloids (or their precursors) in other organisms such as yeast. Despite the availability of only a limited number of biosynthetic genes, the research on C. roseus has already led to a broad scientific spin-off. It is clear that many interesting results can be expected when more genes become available.

Synthesis of Anti-Tumor Dimeric Indole Alkaloids inCatharanthus roseusWas Promoted by Irradiation with Near-Ultraviolet Light at Low Temperature

“…1), have antineoplastic activities, 1) but these alkaloids are very expensive because of their low concentrations in plants. Hence, the biosynthetic pathway of DIAs has been investigated actively.…”

Anti-Quorum Sensing Agents from South Florida Medicinal Plants and their Attenuation of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Pathogenicity

“…Saw palmetto, Seranoa repens (Aracaceae), is perhaps the most well-known plant from this region used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (Bennett et al, 2002;Madersbacher et al, 2007). Whereas, the naturalized periwinkle Catharanthus roseus (Apocynaceae), produces vinca-alkaloids used in the treatment of cancer (Heijden et al, 2004).…”

An Investigation of the Cytotoxic, Cytogenetic and Teratogenic Potentials of Catharanthusroseus

“…It has been used in traditional medicine by various societies to treat various kinds of leukemia, skin cancer, lymph cancer, breast cancer, Hodgkin's disease (2), diabetes, hypertension, fever and hemostasis (3) .There are several other usages for this plant such as for the treatment of Malaria, a remedy for sore throat, for controlling bleeding, for treatment of dyspepsia, indigestion and dysmenorrheal (4).Catharanthus roseus has become one of the most interesting plants in the pharmaceutical industry, because it contains more than 120 terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs), and many of the alkaloids exhibit strong pharmacological activities (5). Previous studies have identified significant active compounds in C. roseus, including vinblastine and vincristine (anticancer), ajmalicine (antihypertensive) and serpentine (sedative) (5; 6).…”