In this paper, we are concerned with the Cauchy problem for a new two-component Camassa-Holm system with the effect of the Coriolis force in the rotating fluid, which is a model in the equatorial water waves. We first investigate the local well-posedness of the system in B s p,r × B s−1 p,r with s > max{1 + 1 p , 3 2 , 2 − 1 p }, p, r ∈ [1, ∞] by using the transport theory in Besov space. Then by means of the logarithmic interpolation inequality and the Osgood's lemma, we establish the local well-posedness in the critical Besov space B 3/2 2,1 × B 1/2 2,1 , and we present a blow-up result with the initial data in critical Besov space by virtue of the conservation law. Finally, we study the Gevrey regularity and analyticity of solutions to the system in a range of Gevrey-Sobolev spaces in the sense of Hardamard. Moreover, a precise lower bound of the lifespan is obtained.