The caudal regeneration blastema is an accumulation of rapidly proliferating stem cells in the flatworm Macrostomum lignano

Egger, Bernhard; Gschwentner, Robert; Hess, Michael W.; Nimeth, K.; Adamski, Zbigniew; Willems, Maxime; Rieger, Reinhard M.; Salvenmoser, Willi

doi:10.1186/1471-213x-9-41

Cited by 38 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Scale bar: 1 mm wall muscle fi bres at the cut surface, followed by the spreading of epithelial cells surrounding the amputation site (Pedersen 1976 ;Hori 1989 ). A similar process was observed in Microstomum (Palmberg 1986 ), Catenula (Moraczewski 1977 ), and Macrostomum lignano (Egger et al 2009 ). However, in Microstomum , the new epidermis is formed underneath the wound epidermis, whereas in other fl atworms the new epidermis forms by the insertion of new cells from the parenchyma (Palmberg 1986 ;Rieger et al 1991 ).…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Regenerationsupporting

confidence: 68%

“…Thus, in triclads such as Schmidtea mediterranea , anterior blastemas mainly grow by the migration of post-mitotic neoblasts (probably already committed) from the stump region. In contrast, the blastema of Macrostomum lignano and the catenulid Paracatenula galateia contains proliferative cells (Nimeth et al 2007 ;Egger et al 2009 ;Dirks et al 2012 ;Verdoodt et al 2012 ). Despite this difference in the distribution of the proliferating neoblasts, upon amputation, a similar biphasic mitotic and S-phase pattern is observed in triclads and M. lignano , respectively.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Regenerationmentioning

confidence: 50%

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Regeneration and Growth as Modes of Adult Development: The Platyhelminthes as a Case Study

Cebrià

Saló

Adell

2015

Evolutionary Developmental Biology of Invertebrates 2

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Section: Mechanisms Of Regenerationsupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Mechanisms Of Regenerationmentioning

confidence: 50%

Regeneration and Growth as Modes of Adult Development: The Platyhelminthes as a Case Study

Cebrià

Saló

Adell

2015

Evolutionary Developmental Biology of Invertebrates 2

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“…S15 and Dataset S6). We next analyzed transcripts that change expression levels at 24 or 48 h postamputation, because this time point exhibits the largest expansion of S-phase cells (putative dividing neoblasts) (19,66). At this time point, there was an enrichment of transcription factors with zinc-finger domains, Klf transcription factors, and a TNF-like protein, a systemic signaling cytokine.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given its promise as a model for studying mechanisms governing pluripotency, a number of groups have worked to establish M. lignano as a model to study stem cell biology and regeneration (16,19,20), sexual selection and reproductive biology (21,22), bioadhesion (23), and neurobiology (24). Efforts of the M. lignano community have resulted in the development of a number of tools that can be used to study M. lignano biology (15,21,(25)(26)(27).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This high mitotic activity results in a continuous stream of progenitors, replacing tissues that are likely devoid of long-lasting, differentiated cell types (18). This makes M. lignano an ideal model to study tissue homeostasis because most other species have far fewer somatic stem cells, and these are usually more difficult to harvest.Given its promise as a model for studying mechanisms governing pluripotency, a number of groups have worked to establish M. lignano as a model to study stem cell biology and regeneration (16,19,20), sexual selection and reproductive biology (21, 22), bioadhesion (23), and neurobiology (24). Efforts of the M. lignano community have resulted in the development of a number of tools that can be used to study M. lignano biology (15,21,(25)(26)(27).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Genome and transcriptome of the regeneration-competent flatworm, Macrostomum lignano

Wasik

Gurtowski

Zhou

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

100

138

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The free-living flatworm, Macrostomum lignano has an impressive regenerative capacity. Following injury, it can regenerate almost an entirely new organism because of the presence of an abundant somatic stem cell population, the neoblasts. This set of unique properties makes many flatworms attractive organisms for studying the evolution of pathways involved in tissue self-renewal, cellfate specification, and regeneration. The use of these organisms as models, however, is hampered by the lack of a well-assembled and annotated genome sequences, fundamental to modern genetic and molecular studies. Here we report the genomic sequence of M. lignano and an accompanying characterization of its transcriptome. The genome structure of M. lignano is remarkably complex, with ∼75% of its sequence being comprised of simple repeats and transposon sequences. This has made high-quality assembly from Illumina reads alone impossible (N50 = 222 bp). We therefore generated 130× coverage by long sequencing reads from the Pacific Biosciences platform to create a substantially improved assembly with an N50 of 64 Kbp. We complemented the reference genome with an assembled and annotated transcriptome, and used both of these datasets in combination to probe gene-expression patterns during regeneration, examining pathways important to stem cell function.F latworms belong to the superphylum Lophotrochozoa, a vast assembly of protostome invertebrates (1, 2) (Fig. 1A). The evolutionary relationships within this clade are poorly resolved and the specific position of flatworms is currently debated (3, 4). Flatworms have attracted scientific attention for centuries because of their astonishing regenerative capabilities (5, 6), as well as their ability to "degrow" in a controlled way when starved (7). As far back as the early 1900s, Thomas Morgan recognized the potential of flatworms and conducted a number of fascinating regeneration experiments on planarian flatworms before his focus shifted to Drosophila genetics (8).Macrostomum lignano is (Fig. 1B), a free-living, regenerating flatworm isolated from the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. M. lignano is an obligatorily cross-fertilizing simultaneous hermaphrodite (9) that belongs to Macrostomorpha, whereas the other often-studied freeliving flatworms and human parasitic flatworms all belong to clades that are potentially more derived (less ancestral) in comparison with Macrostomorpha (2) (Fig. 1C).Many flatworms can regenerate nearly their entire body or amputated organs. This regenerative capacity is thought to be attributable to the presence of somatic stem cells, termed neoblasts (10, 11). In Schmidtea mediterranea (planarian flatworm), even a single transplanted neoblast has the ability to rescue, regenerate, and change the genotype of a fatally irradiated worm (12). M. lignano can regenerate every tissue, with the exception of the head region containing the brain (13,14).Neoblasts in M. lignano ( Fig. 1 D and E), in contrast to most vertebrate somatic stem cells, are plentiful, making up about ...

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The adult musculature of two pseudostomid species reveals unique patterns for flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Prolecithophora)

Grosbusch

Bertemes

Egger

2019

Journal of Morphology

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We analyzed the adult musculature of two prolecithophoran species, Cylindrostoma monotrochum (von Graff, 1882) and Monoophorum striatum (von Graff, 1878) using a phalloidin‐rhodamine technique. As in all rhabdithophoran flatworms, the body‐wall musculature consisted of three muscle layers: on the outer side was a layer of circular muscle fibers and on the inner side was a layer of longitudinal muscle fibers; between them were two different types of diagonally orientated fibers, which is unusual for flatworms. The musculature of the pharynx consisted of a basket‐shaped grid of thin longitudinal and circular fibers. Thick anchoring muscle fibers forming a petal‐like shape connected the proximal parts of the pharynx with the body‐wall musculature. Male genital organs consisted of paired seminal vesicles, a granular vesicle, and an invaginated penis. Peculiar ring‐shaped muscles were only found in M. striatum, predominantly in the anterior body part. In the same species, seminal vesicles and penis only had circular musculature, while in C. monotrochum also longitudinal musculature was found in these organs. Female genital organs were only present in M. striatum, where we characterized a vagina interna, and a bursa seminalis. Transverse, crossover, and dorsoventral muscle fibers were lacking in the middle of the body and greatly varied in number and position in both species.

show abstract

The caudal regeneration blastema is an accumulation of rapidly proliferating stem cells in the flatworm Macrostomum lignano

Cited by 38 publications

References 45 publications

Regeneration and Growth as Modes of Adult Development: The Platyhelminthes as a Case Study

Regeneration and Growth as Modes of Adult Development: The Platyhelminthes as a Case Study

Genome and transcriptome of the regeneration-competent flatworm, Macrostomum lignano

The adult musculature of two pseudostomid species reveals unique patterns for flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Prolecithophora)

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