The Causal and Force Perception and Their Perceived Asymmetries in Flight Collisions

Abstract

The present study was to investigate causal perception and force perception in ecological objects. Four experiments were designed to compare the perceived causality and force of one of the two objects on the other by changing the property of one or both of the objects involved in the launching effect. Our results support causal asymmetry and force asymmetry, in which the launcher has a greater causal effect and exerts more force on the target. Furthermore, we also found that, the ecological object, which is the airplane in this study, had a greater causal effect and exerted more force, resulting in strengthened asymmetries when the airplane acted as the launcher and weakened asymmetries when the airplane acted as the target. The properties of the object also impacted causal perception by attenuating the effect of the temporal gap on causality. Those results indicate that the airplane is perceived as the main cause for a collision compared with an abstract object. The influence of conceptual knowledge of the object and the sense of agency on changing the degree of perceived causality and force in a particular motion pattern was discussed.

Delay and Speed of Visual Feedback of a Keystroke Cause Illusory Heaviness and Stiffness

“…Previous studies on material perception have shown that image speed and/or playback speed of video clips were strong determinants of apparent heaviness and stiffness (Shim et al, 2009;Kawabe et al, 2015;Kawabe and Nishida, 2016;Bi et al, 2018). In visual stimuli inducing perceptual causality (Michotte, 1963;Scholl and Tremoulet, 2000;Meding et al, 2020;Wang et al, 2020), movement speeds after object collision determine the perceived heaviness of the object (Todd and Warren, 1982). A previous study (Kawabe et al, 2021) showed that a lower speed of a cursor controlled by a participant's keystroke caused a stronger sense of resistance, while the resistance sensation produced by visual processing is not necessarily linked to the participant's action.…”