The Causal Effect of Education on Health: What is the Role of Health Behaviors?

Brunello, Giorgio; Fort, Margherita; Schneeweis, Nicole; Winter‐Ebmer, Rudolf

doi:10.1002/hec.3141

Cited by 249 publications

(113 citation statements)

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“…Regarding how precisely education contributes to vulnerability reduction, we build the argument upon a well-established causal link between education and health [39][40][41][42] . Education influences our cognitive function, attitudes and behaviours and equips us with better social and economic opportunities.…”

Section: Education Changes Our Behaviour and Reduces Vulnerabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Forecasting societies' adaptive capacities through a demographic metabolism model

Lutz

Muttarak

2017

Nature Clim Change

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In seeking to understand how future societies will be affected by climate change we cannot simply assume they will be identical to those of today, because climate and societies are both dynamic. Here we propose that the concept of demographic metabolism and the associated methods of multidimensional population projections provide an effective analytical toolbox to forecast important aspects of societal change that affect adaptive capacity. We present an example of how the changing educational composition of future populations can influence societies' adaptive capacity. Multi-dimensional population projections form the human core of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways scenarios, and knowledge and analytical tools from demography have great value in assessing the likely implications of climate change on future human well-being. 3Assessing the likely impacts of climate change on future human well-being requires a combination of two kinds of forecasts: how the climate of the future will be different from that of today; and how humans and there societies in the future will differ in terms of numbers, regional distributions, age structures and, most importantly, their capacities to successfully adapt to changing climatic conditions. This includes capacities at multiple levels from individual, to household, community and national level as well as the associated qualities of institutions and levels of economic development. Much work has been carried out in terms of modelling the future climatic conditions 1-3 , but very little has been done for modelling the future socioeconomic conditions. Successful adaptation is also dependent on the qualities of institutions and levels of economic development. In this Perspective, we discuss recent progress in the latter field, especially in the demographic metabolism model and illustrate the potential of multi-dimensional demographic methods for forecasting societies' adaptive capacities to climate change.The Working Group II contribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report appropriately summarizes what was the state of the art on this issue: "Most scenario-based assessments superimpose biophysical 'futures' onto present-day socioeconomic conditions." 4 . While this

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Section: Education Changes Our Behaviour and Reduces Vulnerabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Forecasting societies' adaptive capacities through a demographic metabolism model

Lutz

Muttarak

2017

Nature Clim Change

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“…Despite these limitations, these findings make a unique contribution to the literature on SES, gender, and discrimination in Black youth, as it helps us understand why high SES may operate as a vulnerability factor among Blacks. Before further interpretation, there is a need to replicate these findings using other datasets, settings, cohorts, and age groups [78,79,80,81]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does School Racial Composition Explain Why High Income Black Youth Perceive More Discrimination? A Gender Analysis

Assari

2018

Brain Sciences

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Recent research has documented poor mental health among high socioeconomic status (SES) Blacks, particularly African American males. The literature has also shown a positive link between SES and perceived discrimination, suggesting that perceived discrimination may explain why high SES Black males report poor mental health. To better understand the role of contextual factors in explaining this pattern, we aimed to test whether school racial composition explains why high income Black youth perceive more discrimination. We explored these associations by ethnicity and gender. Using data from the National Survey of American Life-Adolescent supplement (NSAL-A), the current study included 810 African American and 360 Caribbean Black youth, with a mean age of 15. Ethnicity, age, gender, income-to-needs ratio (SES), skin color, school racial composition, and perceived (daily) discrimination were measured. Using Stata 15.0 (Stata Corp., College Station, TX, USA), we fitted seven structural equation models (SEMs) for data analysis in the pooled sample based on the intersection of ethnicity and gender. Considerable gender by ethnicity variations were found in the associations between SES, school racial composition, and perceived discrimination. For African American males but not African American females or Caribbean Black males or females, school racial composition fully mediated the effect of SES on perceived discrimination. The role of inter-racial contact as a mechanism for high discrimination and poor mental health of Black American adolescents may depend on their intersection of ethnicity and gender. School racial composition may be a mechanism for increased perceived discrimination among high SES African American males.

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“…Third, as many survey-based micro-level research papers suggest (e.g. Baum & Chou, 2011;Brunello, Fort, Schneeweis, & Winter-Ebmer, 2015), health outcomes are related to per capita income of people, which is why we can extrapolate it to a cross-country level, like in De Vogli et al (2013) or Gallet (2003), and incorporate GDP per capita measure in our regression. 2 Lastly, to take into account geographical specificities, we include continental dummies used in La Porta, Lopezdi-Silanes, Shleifer, and Vishny (1999) into the regression model.…”

Section: Independent Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%