The Cause of Mottled Enamel

Smith, Margaret Cammack; Lantz, Edith M.; Smith, H. V.

doi:10.1126/science.74.1914.244

Cited by 41 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…For example, fluoride is present in almost all freshwaters (Hem 1985;Brunt et al 2004;Ozsvath 2009), but in extreme cases natural concentrations can exceed 1000 mg/L (Jones et al 1977), which is far in excess of the World Health Organization's limit for fluoride in drinking water of 1.5 mg/L (WHO 2017). The deleterious effects on human health of drinking water with high fluoride concentration have been known since the early nineteenth century (Smith et al 1931).…”

Section: Geologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Good Ambient Water Quality

Warner

Chapman

Dickens

2020

Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals

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Water quality is the suitability of water to sustain various uses or processes (Meybeck et al. 1996), and ambient is "relating to the immediate surroundings of something" (ambient, 2018). Ambient water quality refers to natural, untreated water in rivers, lakes, and groundwaters. Good ambient water quality is the positive conclusion of a water quality assessment of these waters affected by a combination of natural influences such as climate and geology and also anthropogenic activities, such as wastewater outflows and agricultural runoff. Ambient water quality is defined as "good" if the assessment concludes the water is not harmful to either the aquatic ecosystem or human health.

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Section: Geologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Good Ambient Water Quality

Warner

Chapman

Dickens

2020

Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals

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“…I ts presence in drinking water is a matter of regional importance in connection with the problem of mottled enamel in at least 25 states (51,52). Mottled enamel of the teeth of children occurs when water contains 0.9 mg. per liter or more; a 75-80 per cent incidence is found when the fluorine content is 2.5 mg. per liter, and at 6 mg. per liter the incidence is 100 per cent (53,54). Fluorine is widely distributed i~nature and is present in practically all biological material, foods containing on an average approximately 0.8 ppm.…”

Section: Non-nutritive Toxic Trace Ele-mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Hygienic Significance of the Contamination of Water With Certain Mineral Constituents

Kehoe¹,

Cholak²,

Largent³

1944

Journal AWWA

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“…Dental fluorosis is a disorder caused by chronic excessive fluoride intake during the period of the development of the teeth 1 . In 1931, three different scientific groups, working in different locations around the world, discovered the correlation between the fluoride content in drinking water and dental fluorosis [2][3][4] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dean's Index 18 rates the clinical image of the two most affected teeth. As a result, based on the severity, the case is rated as normal (0), questionable (0.5), very mild (1), mild (2), moderate (3) and severe (4). In questionable dental fluorosis there are minor aberrations from the usual translucency of the enamel, while opaque, paperwhite areas are typical findings in very mild (<25% of the surface), mild (25<x<50% of the surface) and moderate dental fluorosis (100% of the surface).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aesthetic treatment of dental fluorosis in a 9-year-old girl: Case report

Daskalaki¹,

Alifakioti²,

Arhakis³

2019

Balkan J Dent Med

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Summary Background/Aim: Dental fluorosis is a specific disturbance of tooth formation caused by excessive intake of fluoride. The discoloration of teeth is the most common reason for parents to seek treatment. The purpose of this paper is to describe the therapeutic management performed in a 9-year-old girl with fluorosis. Case report: A clinical case of a 9-year-old girl diagnosed with fluorosis is reported. The treatment of this clinical case was achieved using microabrasion, which is a minimally invasive method. This technique improves the aesthetics of the teeth without causing significant loss of dental tissue; a characteristic making microabrasion applicable to children as well. Its implementation involved the combined use of 18% hydrochloric acid and pumice on the enamel surface of upper incisors. The improved appearance of the teeth was aesthetically pleasing and, consequently, the patient gained in self-confidence. Conclusions: In the literature, several treatment choices are proposed, depending on the severity of the fluorosis. In our case, microabrasion was applied and the aesthetic outcome satisfied both the patient and the dentist.

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The Cause of Mottled Enamel

Cited by 41 publications

References 2 publications

Good Ambient Water Quality

Good Ambient Water Quality

The Hygienic Significance of the Contamination of Water With Certain Mineral Constituents

Aesthetic treatment of dental fluorosis in a 9-year-old girl: Case report

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