The cavernoso-anal reflex: response of the anal sphincters to cavernosus muscles' stimulation

Shafik, Ahmed; Shafik, Ismail A.; Shafik, Ali A.; Sibai, Olfat El

doi:10.1111/j.1745-7262.2006.00126.x

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In fact, the UM motoneurons have been found bilaterally in a roundish nucleus located laterally to the central canal of the SC S1–S2 segments, in a intermedio‐lateral area (Gazza et al, ). However, the site of the pig ICM somatic motor neurons, extending from the base of the ventral horn, allowed us to hypothesize a close topographic correlation with UM‐projecting motoneurons, supporting the hypothesis that the ICM contraction could influence also the activity of the urethral sphincter (Shafik et al, b). This functional relation could be due to spinal interneurons projecting to the striated perineal muscles, whose presence has been documented in the rat SC dorsal gray commissure (Holstege, ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…In fact, during skeletal muscle contraction it is possible to observe a local functional vasodilation to promote the extraction of oxygen and nutrients from the blood (Van Teeffelen and Segal, 2003), rapidly followed by a sympathetic vasoconstriction (Thomas and Segal, ) to increase and preserve the local pressure. In particular it has also been demonstrated that the intermittent ICM contraction during rigid erection provide a natural mechanism that keeps the cavernous tissue well oxygenated and prevents its distruction by ischemia (Shafik et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The primary role of the muscle is to enhance the elongation of the penis or clitoris, by compressing the veins that carry blood away from the corpora cavernosa and inducing cavernous tissue turgidity and tumescence (generation of suprasystolic cavernosal pressures). Moreover, the ICM seems to partecipate not only in reproductive processes, but also in urinary and fecal continence (Shafik et al, a,b; 2008; Zempoalteca et al, 2008; Cruz et al, ; Juàrez et al, ), through a reflex mechanism. Given this involvement in penile erection and continence, it has been extensively studied in different mammals, such as rat, rabbit, carnivores and primates, to define its neuroanatomical (Breedlove and Arnold, ; Schrøder, ; Ueyama et al, ; Roppolo et al, ; Katagiri et al, ; Mc Kenna and Nadelhaft, ; Holstege and Tan, ; Yucel and Baskin, ; Zempoalteca et al, ), electrophysiological (Shafik et al, a,b; 2008) and functional (Juàrez and Cruz, ) properties.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Striated Perineal Muscles: Location of Somatic and Autonomic Neurons Projecting to the Male Pig Ischiocavernous Muscle. Neurochemical Features of the Sympathetic Subset

Botti¹,

Ragionieri²,

Cacchioli³

et al. 2017

The Anatomical Record

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The location, number and size of the central and peripheral neurons innervating the ischiocavernous muscle (ICM) were studied in male pigs by means of Fast Blue (FB) retrograde neuronal tracing. Moreover the immunohistochemical properties of the sympathetic ganglia were investigated combining the double immunolabeling method. After injection of FB into the left ICM, a mean number of 245.3 ± 134.9 labeled neurons were found in the ipsilateral ventral horn of the S1-S3 segments of the spinal cord (SC), 129.7 ± 45.5 in the L6-S3 ipsilateral and S2-S3 contralateral spinal ganglia (SGs), 2279.3 ± 622.1 in the ipsilateral L2-S2 and contralateral L5-S2 sympathetic trunk ganglia (STGs), 541.7 ± 158 in the bilateral caudal mesenteric ganglia (CMGs), and 78.3 ± 35.8 in the microganglia of the pelvic plexus (PGs). The mean area of the ICM projecting neurons was 1217 ± 69.7 μm in the SC, 2737.5 ± 176.5 μm in the SGs, 982.8 ± 36.8 μm in the STGs, 865.9 ± 39.14 μm in the CMGs and 426.2 ± 24.72 μm in the PGs. The FB positive neurons of autonomic ganglia contained Dopamine β hydroxylase, vesicular acetylcholine transporter, neuronal nitric oxyde sinthase, calcitonine gene related peptide, leu-enkephaline, neuropeptide Y, substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and somatostatine often colocalized with tyrosine hydroxylase. The particular localization of the motor somatic nucleus, the abundant autonomic innervation and the qualitatively different content of ICM projecting sympathetic neurons suggest a complex regulation of this striated muscle involved in involuntary functions, such as the erection, ejaculation, micturition and defecation. Anat Rec, 301:837-848, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Striated Perineal Muscles: Location of Somatic and Autonomic Neurons Projecting to the Male Pig Ischiocavernous Muscle. Neurochemical Features of the Sympathetic Subset

Botti¹,

Ragionieri²,

Cacchioli³

et al. 2017

The Anatomical Record

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“…Contraction of the cavernosus muscle that is activated during intercourse (20,21) may evoke sphincter contraction via the "cavernoso-anal reflex" (22). Consequently, anal sphincter contraction during coitus may contribute to the closing of the anal canal, to guard against flatus or feces ( 22).…”

Section: External Anal Sphinctermentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel insights into physiological mechanisms underlying fecal continence

Trzpis

Chen

Huizinga

et al. 2023

American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physi

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The machinery maintaining fecal continence prevents involuntary loss of stool and is based on synchronized interplay of multiple voluntary and involuntary mechanisms, dependent on cooperation between motor responses of the musculature of the colon, pelvic floor and anorectum, and on sensory and motor neural pathways. Knowledge of the physiology of fecal continence is key towards understanding the pathophysiology of fecal incontinence. The idea that involuntary contraction of the internal anal sphincter is the primary mechanism of continence and that external anal sphincter supports continence only by voluntary contraction is outdated. Other mechanisms have come to the forefront and they have significantelly changed viewpoints on the mechanisms of continence and incontinence. And so for instance, involuntary contractions of the external anal sphincter, the puborectal muscle and the sphincter of O'Beirne have been proven to play a role in fecal continence. Also, retrograde propagating cyclic motor patterns in the sigmoid and rectum promote retrograde transit to prevent continuous flow of content into the anal canal. With this review we aim to give an overview of primary and secondary mechanisms controlling fecal continence and evaluate the strenght of evidence.

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What Does Electromyography Tell Us About Dyspareunia?

McLean

Brooks

2017

Sexual Medicine Reviews

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The cavernoso-anal reflex: response of the anal sphincters to cavernosus muscles' stimulation

Abstract: Cavernosus muscles' contraction is suggested to evoke anal sphincteric contraction, which seems to be a reflex and mediated through the "Cavernoso-anal reflex". Anal sphincteric contraction during coitus presumably acts to close the anal canal to thwart flatus or fecal leak.

Cited by 6 publications

References 17 publications

Striated Perineal Muscles: Location of Somatic and Autonomic Neurons Projecting to the Male Pig Ischiocavernous Muscle. Neurochemical Features of the Sympathetic Subset

Striated Perineal Muscles: Location of Somatic and Autonomic Neurons Projecting to the Male Pig Ischiocavernous Muscle. Neurochemical Features of the Sympathetic Subset

Novel insights into physiological mechanisms underlying fecal continence

What Does Electromyography Tell Us About Dyspareunia?

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