The cell biology of late blight disease

Whisson, Stephen C.; Boevink, Petra C.; Wang, Shumei; Birch, Paul R. J.

doi:10.1016/j.mib.2016.09.002

Cited by 123 publications

(133 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…N. benthamiana is a model solanaceous host for P. infestans that has been extensively used in RXLR effector research as it facilitates transient expression, cell biology, and silencing studies (Whisson et al, 2016). AVR2 was transiently expressed using Agrobacterium, infiltration sites were subsequently inoculated with P. infestans sporangia, and disease progression monitored.…”

Section: Avr2 Transgenic Plants Are More Susceptible To P Infestansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many effectors act on positive regulators of immunity to inhibit their activity (Whisson et al, 2016;Deslandes and Rivas, 2012;Dou and Zhou, 2012;Feng et al, 2012;Block and Alfano, 2011). In contrast, a number of pathogen effectors have been found to target host proteins that negatively regulate immunity (Yang et al, 2016;Boevink et al, 2016a;Wang et al, 2015;Cui et al, 2010;Chen et al, 2010).…”

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confidence: 99%

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RXLR Effector AVR2 Up-Regulates a Brassinosteroid-Responsive bHLH Transcription Factor to Suppress Immunity

Turnbull

Yang²,

Naqvi³

et al. 2017

Plant Physiol.

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An emerging area in plant research focuses on antagonism between regulatory systems governing growth and immunity. Such cross talk represents a point of vulnerability for pathogens to exploit. AVR2, an RXLR effector secreted by the potato blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans, interacts with potato BSL1, a putative phosphatase implicated in growthpromoting brassinosteroid (BR) hormone signaling. Transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants expressing the effector exhibit transcriptional and phenotypic hallmarks of overactive BR signaling and show enhanced susceptibility to P. infestans. Microarray analysis was used to identify a set of BR-responsive marker genes in potato, all of which are constitutively expressed to BR-induced levels in AVR2 transgenic lines. One of these genes was a bHLH transcription factor, designated StCHL1, homologous to AtCIB1 and AtHBI1, which are known to facilitate antagonism between BR and immune responses. Transient expression of either AVR2 or CHL1 enhanced leaf colonization by P. infestans and compromised immune cell death activated by perception of the elicitin Infestin1 (INF1). Knockdown of CHL1 transcript using Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) reduced colonization of P. infestans on Nicotiana benthamiana. Moreover, the ability of AVR2 to suppress INF1-triggered cell death was attenuated in NbCHL1-silenced plants, indicating that NbCHL1 was important for this effector activity. Thus, AVR2 exploits cross talk between BR signaling and innate immunity in Solanum species, representing a novel, indirect mode of innate immune suppression by a filamentous pathogen effector.

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Section: Avr2 Transgenic Plants Are More Susceptible To P Infestansmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

RXLR Effector AVR2 Up-Regulates a Brassinosteroid-Responsive bHLH Transcription Factor to Suppress Immunity

Turnbull

Yang²,

Naqvi³

et al. 2017

Plant Physiol.

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“…RXLR effectors, which exist by the hundreds in each oomycete genome, are amongst the best‐characterized oomycete effectors (Baxter et al ., ; Haas et al ., ; Jiang et al ., ; Tyler et al ., ). In recent years, a large number of studies have been carried out to elucidate the biological functions of RXLR effectors from Phytophthora infestans , P. sojae and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Anderson et al ., ; Sharpee and Dean, ; Wang Q et al ., ; Whisson et al ., ; Zheng et al ., ). However, little is known about RXLR effectors from P. parasitica , except PSE1, which has been reported to alter the auxin content and to promote infection (Evangelisti et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An RXLR effector secreted by Phytophthora parasitica is a virulence factor and triggers cell death in various plants

Huang

Liu

et al. 2018

Molecular Plant Pathology

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Summary RXLR effectors encoded by Phytophthora species play a central role in pathogen–plant interactions. An understanding of the biological functions of RXLR effectors is conducive to the illumination of the pathogenic mechanisms and the development of disease control strategies. However, the virulence function of Phytophthora parasitica RXLR effectors is poorly understood. Here, we describe the identification of a P. parasitica RXLR effector gene, PPTG00121 ( PpE4 ), which is highly transcribed during the early stages of infection. Live cell imaging of P. parasitica transformants expressing a full‐length PpE4 (E4FL)‐mCherry protein indicated that PpE4 is secreted and accumulates around haustoria during plant infection. Silencing of PpE4 in P. parasitica resulted in significantly reduced virulence on Nicotiana benthamiana . Transient expression of PpE4 in N. benthamiana in turn restored the pathogenicity of the PpE4 ‐silenced lines. Furthermore, the expression of PpE4 in both N. benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana consistently enhanced plant susceptibility to P. parasitica . These results indicate that PpE4 contributes to pathogen infection. Finally, heterologous expression experiments showed that PpE4 triggers non‐specific cell death in a variety of plants, including tobacco, tomato, potato and A. thaliana . Virus‐induced gene silencing assays revealed that PpE4 ‐induced cell death is dependent on HSP90 , NPK and SGT1 , suggesting that PpE4 is recognized by the plant immune system. In conclusion, PpE4 is an important virulence RXLR effector of P. parasitica and recognized by a wide range of host plants.

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“…Specialized rounded structures haustoria are formed which establish intercellular connection with host tissues by disrupting host cell wall for nutrient absorption (Whisson et al, 2016). Profuse intercellular growth of mycelium and haustorial development result in cell damage of host with the appearance of greenish brown or yellowish spots which turn black with disease progress (Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Late Blight of Potato (Phytophthora infestans) I: Fungicides Application and Associated Challenges

Majeed

Muhammad

Ullah

et al. 2017

Turkish JAF Sci.Tech.

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Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) has been remained an important agricultural crop in resolving global food issues through decades. The crop has experienced enormous growth in terms of production throughout the world in recent decades because of improvement in agricultural mechanization, fertilizers application and irrigation practices. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of this valuable crop is still vulnerable to losses due to prevalence of different viral, bacterial, fungal and nematodes infestations. Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, is one of the most threatening pathogenic diseases which not only results in direct crop losses but also cause farmers to embrace huge monetary expenses for disease control and preventive measures. The disease is well known for notorious 'Irish Famine' which resulted in drop of Irish population by more than 20% as result of hunger and potato starvation. Globally, annual losses of crop and money spend on fungicides for late blight control exceeds one trillion US dollars. This paper reviews the significance of late blight of potato and controlling strategies adopted for minimizing yield losses incurred by this disease by the use of synthetic fungicides. Advantages and disadvantages of fungicides application are discussed.

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The cell biology of late blight disease

Cited by 123 publications

References 61 publications

RXLR Effector AVR2 Up-Regulates a Brassinosteroid-Responsive bHLH Transcription Factor to Suppress Immunity

RXLR Effector AVR2 Up-Regulates a Brassinosteroid-Responsive bHLH Transcription Factor to Suppress Immunity

An RXLR effector secreted by Phytophthora parasitica is a virulence factor and triggers cell death in various plants

Late Blight of Potato (Phytophthora infestans) I: Fungicides Application and Associated Challenges

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