The cell-mediated immunity of Drosophila melanogaster: Hemocyte lineages, immune compartments, microanatomy and regulation

Honti, Viktor; Csordás, Gábor; Kurucz, Éva; Márkus, Róbert; Andó, István

doi:10.1016/j.dci.2013.06.005

Cited by 174 publications

(160 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…For treatments involving PBS injections (Fig. 7A), we found significant lower nitrite concentration (P Ͻ 0.05) in YW flies compared to Oregon (48 h), w1118 (3,6,12, and 48 h), Canton-S and Cinn. Brown (6 h).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…To estimate the bacterial load at various time points (0, 3,6,12,24, and 48 h) after bacterial infection, flies from each treatment were individually crushed and homogenized using an electronic pestle in 1.5-ml Eppendorf tubes containing 1 ml of LB medium. The numbers of bacteria (CFU) within each fly were estimated by serial dilution and plating on LB agar plates.…”

Section: Bacterial Load In Infected Fliesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The body cavities of D. melanogaster flies, like those of all arthropods, are filled with hemolymph that contains both freefloating and sessile hemocytes (blood cells). These are responsible for a number of cellular defenses, including formation of cell aggregates, nodulation, phagocytosis, and encapsulation (6). In addition, D. melanogaster has complex proteolytic cascades that regulate phenoloxidase (PO) activity, coagulation/melanization of hemolymph (7,8), and defenses associated with the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (9)(10)(11).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Nitric Oxide Levels Regulate the Immune Response of Drosophila melanogaster Reference Laboratory Strains to Bacterial Infections

Eleftherianos

Spivack

et al. 2014

Infect Immun

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Studies on the innate immune response against microbial infections in Drosophila melanogaster involve mutant strains and their reference strains that act as experimental controls. We used five standard D. melanogaster laboratory reference strains (Oregon R, w1118, Canton-S, Cinnabar Brown, and Yellow White [YW]) and investigated their response against two pathogenic bacteria (Photorhabdus luminescens and Enterococcus faecalis) and two nonpathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli and Micrococcus luteus). We detected high sensitivity among YW flies to bacterial infections and increased bacterial growth compared to the other strains. We also found variation in the transcription of certain antimicrobial peptide genes among strains, with Oregon and YW infected flies showing the highest and lowest gene transcription levels in most cases. We show that Oregon and w1118 flies possess more circulating hemocytes and higher levels of phenoloxidase activity than the other strains upon infection with the nonpathogenic bacteria. We further observed reduced fat accumulation in YW flies infected with the pathogenic bacteria, which suggests a possible decline in physiological condition. Finally, we found that nitrite levels are significantly lower in infected and uninfected YW flies compared to w1118 flies and that nitric oxide synthase mutant flies in YW background are more susceptible to bacterial infection compared to mutants in w1118 background. Therefore, increased sensitivity of YW flies to bacterial infections can be partly attributed to lower levels of nitric oxide. Such studies will significantly contribute toward a better understanding of the genetic variation between D. melanogaster reference strains.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Bacterial Load In Infected Fliesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nitric Oxide Levels Regulate the Immune Response of Drosophila melanogaster Reference Laboratory Strains to Bacterial Infections

Eleftherianos

Spivack

et al. 2014

Infect Immun

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“…Crystal cells are specialized non-phagocytic cells that facilitate immune responses and wound-healing by causing melanization (Lanot et al, 2001). Lamellocytes are rarely found in healthy animals, but their number is significantly increased when larvae are immunologically challenged with infection by a parasitic wasp (Crozatier et al, 2004;Honti et al, 2014;Rizki and Rizki, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The matrix protein Tiggrin regulates plasmatocyte maturation inDrosophilalarva

Zhang

Cadigan

2017

Development

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The lymph gland (LG) is a major source of hematopoiesis during Drosophila development. In this tissue, prohemocytes differentiate into multiple lineages, including macrophage-like plasmatocytes, which comprise the vast majority of mature hemocytes. Previous studies have uncovered genetic pathways that regulate prohemocyte maintenance and some cell fate choices between hemocyte lineages. However, less is known about how the plasmatocyte pool of the LG is established and matures. Here, we report that Tiggrin, a matrix protein expressed in the LG, is a specific regulator of plasmatocyte maturation. Tiggrin mutants exhibit precocious maturation of plasmatocytes, whereas Tiggrin overexpression blocks this process, resulting in a buildup of intermediate progenitors (IPs) expressing prohemocyte and hemocyte markers. These IPs likely represent a transitory state in prohemocyte to plasmatocyte differentiation. We also found that overexpression of Wee1 kinase, which slows G 2 /M progression, results in a phenotype similar to Tiggrin overexpression, whereas String/Cdc25 expression phenocopies Tiggrin mutants. Further analysis revealed that Wee1 inhibits plasmatocyte maturation through upregulation of Tiggrin transcription. Our results elucidate connections between the extracellular matrix and cell cycle regulators in the regulation of hematopoiesis.

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“…The majority of studies on insect cellular immune responses have been conducted on dipteran and lepidopteran insects such as fl ies, mosquitoes, and hornworms (Jiravanichpaisal et al, 2006;Ferrandon et al, 2007;Hillyer & Strand, 2014;Honti et al, 2014;Hillyer, 2016, and references therein). Circulating haemocytes (insect blood cells) play critical roles in insect cellular immune responses.…”

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confidence: 99%

Cellular immune response of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), to infection by the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana

Shen¹,

Li²,

Cheng³

et al. 2016

Eur. J. Entomol.

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Abstract. The term cellular immune response refers to haemocyte-mediated responses, including phagocytosis, nodulation, and encapsulation. In the present study, we identifi ed fi ve types of circulating haemocytes in larvae of the haemolymph of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée), including granulocytes, oenocytoids, plasmatocytes, prohaemocytes, and spherulocytes. The relative number of total free haemocytes per larva decreased signifi cantly 0.5, 24, and 36 h after the injection of Beauveria bassiana conidia. Upon conidia challenge, both phagocytosis and nodulation were observed in the collected haemolymph from O. furnacalis larvae. In addition, plasma was found to be necessary for both phagocytosis and nodulation. Therefore, we here confi rm that phagocytosis and nodulation are involved in O. funacalis larvae during their fi ght against infection by B. bassiana, and further, that the cellular immune response of O. furnacalis helps eliminate the invading organisms despite the fact that not all the fungal conidia are killed.

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The cell-mediated immunity of Drosophila melanogaster: Hemocyte lineages, immune compartments, microanatomy and regulation

Cited by 174 publications

References 94 publications

Nitric Oxide Levels Regulate the Immune Response of Drosophila melanogaster Reference Laboratory Strains to Bacterial Infections

Nitric Oxide Levels Regulate the Immune Response of Drosophila melanogaster Reference Laboratory Strains to Bacterial Infections

The matrix protein Tiggrin regulates plasmatocyte maturation inDrosophilalarva

Cellular immune response of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), to infection by the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana

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