The Cell Wall of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>

Angeles, Danae Morales; Scheffers, Dirk‐Jan

doi:10.21775/cimb.041.539

Cited by 23 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 283 publications

(452 reference statements)

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“…It is assembled in three major steps that are confined to different cellular compartments (Fig. 1): (i) the cytoplasmic assembly of soluble UDP-GlcNAc and UDP- MurNAc-pentapeptide, (ii) the membrane-associated formation of the lipid II intermediate and its translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane, referred to as the lipid II-cycle, and (iii) the incorporation and crosslinking of the GlcNAc-MurNAc-pentapeptide building block into the established PG network by transglycosylation (TG) and transpeptidation (TP) reactions [3]. After releasing the building blocks, the lipid carrier (undecaprenyl phosphate) flips back to the inner leaflet of the cell membrane and is then recycled for the next round of translocation (Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive and Comparative Transcriptional Profiling of the Cell Wall Stress Response inBacillus subtilis

Zhang

Cornilleau

Müller

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The bacterial cell wall (CW) is an essential protective barrier and the frontline of cellular interactions with the environment and also a target for numerous antimicrobial agents. Accordingly, its integrity and homeostasis are closely monitored and rapid adaptive responses by transcriptional reprogramming induce appropriate counter-measures against perturbations. Here, we report a comprehensive and comparative transcriptional profiling of the primary cell envelope stress responses (CESR), based on combining RNAseq and high-resolution tiling array studies of the Gram-positive model bacteriumBacillus subtilisexposed to a range of antimicrobial compounds that interfere with cytoplasmic, membrane-coupled or extracellular steps of peptidoglycan (PG) biosynthesis. It revealed the complexity of the CESR ofB. subtilisand unraveled the contribution of extracytoplasmic function sigma factors (ECFs) and two-component signal transduction systems (TCSs) to protect the cell envelope. While membrane-anchored steps are tightly controlled, early cytoplasmic and late extracellular steps of PG biosynthesis are hardly monitored at all. The ECF σ factors σW and particularly σM provide a general CESR, while σV is almost exclusively induced by lysozyme, against which it provides specific resistance. Remarkably, σXwas slightly repressed by most antibiotics, pointing towards a role in envelope homeostasis rather than CESR. It shares this role with the WalRK TCS, which balances CW growth with controlled autolysis. In contrast, all remaining TCSs are envelope stress-inducible systems. LiaRS is induced by a wide range of PG synthesis inhibitors, while the three paralogous systems BceAB, PsdRS and ApeRS are more compound-specific detoxification modules. Induction of the CssRS TCS by all antibiotics interfering with membrane-anchored steps of PG biosynthesis points towards a physiological link between CESR and secretion stress. Based on the expression signatures, a suite of CESR-specificB. subtiliswhole cell biosensors were developed and carefully evaluated. This is the first comprehensive transcriptomic study focusing exclusively on the primary effects of envelope perturbances that shall provide a reference point for future studies on Gram-positive CESR.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive and Comparative Transcriptional Profiling of the Cell Wall Stress Response inBacillus subtilis

Zhang

Cornilleau

Müller

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Peaks in the spectra of SL-44 at 1257, 1091, and 1417 cm −1 with different frequencies and intensities can be assigned to PO 2 − asymmetric vibrations, PO symmetric stretching, and C−O stretching in hereditary substance or phospholipids and teichoic acid that constituted the cell wall main components of Gram-positive bacteria (Figure S3B). 38,39 The band around 1410 cm −1 disappeared, and two emerging peaks around 1407 and 1456 cm −1 appeared after Rs-2/SL-44 adsorption, which indicated that the bacteria-secreted fatty acid molecules combined with the carriers and clay modification of the bacteria mainly due to a biochemical reaction. 40 New peaks at 1548 cm −1 in the BENT-SL-44 complex and 1577 cm −1 in the SL-44-SA-BENT complex spectrum were attributed to the amide II red shift and COOH blue shift originating from SA.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Elucidating Adhesion Behaviors and the Interfacial Interaction Mechanism between Plant Probiotics and Modified Bentonite Carriers

et al. 2021

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Bentonite mineral can be used as the support carrier of microbial inoculant. The promising carrier should have excellent adsorption capacity and affinity for plant probiotics. However, the adhesion mechanisms and interface interaction underlying the bentonite carriers and plant probiotics remain uncertain. In this study, the interface interactions of two kinds of plant growth-promoting bacteria (Rs-2 and SL-44) and five different bentonite carriers were examined. The results indicated that the maximum bacteria adsorption capacity and affinity were obtained by hydrophobic stearic acid-modified bentonite (SA-BENT) owing to its attractive acid–base interaction as calculated by extended-DLVO theory. The stronger acid–base interaction between Rs-2 and the carriers promoted its adhesion, which may be attributed to its more hydrophobic surface structure acting as a broom to remove interfacial water. SL-44 had a stronger adsorption binding energy and smaller adsorption capacity since its EPS components (e.g., low polarity, aromatic lipophilic protein macromolecules) were preferentially absorbed and occupied absorption sites based on the fluorescence excitation–emission matrix (EEM) and normalized volume integral of the fluorescence region.

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“…The new isolate UTNCys6-1 harbors two genes encoding enterolysin_A, a cell-wall-degrading bacteriocin that was previously detected in Enterococcus , Lactococcus , and Streptococcus [ 36 ]. The BLASTP results indicated that enterolysin_A from AOI_01 corresponds to an M23 family of metallopeptidases, which induces the lysis of cell wall peptidoglycans, such as the endopeptidase l -Ala- d -Glu from Bacillus subtilis [ 37 ]. The enterolysin_A from AOI_02 showed specific hits with lysozyme, endolysin, and autolysin enzymes, and another specific hit with M23 peptidase.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabiotics Signature through Genome Sequencing and In Vitro Inhibitory Assessment of a Novel Lactococcus lactis Strain UTNCys6-1 Isolated from Amazonian Camu-Camu Fruits

Tenea

2023

IJMS

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Metabiotics are the structural components of probiotic bacteria, functional metabolites, and/or signaling molecules with numerous beneficial properties. A novel Lactococcus lactis strain, UTNCys6-1, was isolated from wild Amazonian camu-camu fruits (Myrciaria dubia), and various functional metabolites with antibacterial capacity were found. The genome size is 2,226,248 base pairs, and it contains 2248 genes, 2191 protein-coding genes (CDSs), 50 tRNAs, 6 rRNAs, 1 16S rRNA, 1 23S rRNA, and 1 tmRNA. The average GC content is 34.88%. In total, 2148 proteins have been mapped to the EggNOG database. The specific annotation consisted of four incomplete prophage regions, one CRISPR-Cas array, six genomic islands (GIs), four insertion sequences (ISs), and four regions of interest (AOI regions) spanning three classes of bacteriocins (enterolysin_A, nisin_Z, and sactipeptides). Based on pangenome analysis, there were 6932 gene clusters, of which 751 (core genes) were commonly observed within the 11 lactococcal strains. Among them, 3883 were sample-specific genes (cloud genes) and 2298 were shell genes, indicating high genetic diversity. A sucrose transporter of the SemiSWEET family (PTS system: phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent transport system) was detected in the genome of UTNCys6-1 but not the other 11 lactococcal strains. In addition, the metabolic profile, antimicrobial susceptibility, and inhibitory activity of both protein–peptide extract (PPE) and exopolysaccharides (EPSs) against several foodborne pathogens were assessed in vitro. Furthermore, UTNCys6-1 was predicted to be a non-human pathogen that was unable to tolerate all tested antibiotics except gentamicin; metabolized several substrates; and lacks virulence factors (VFs), genes related to the production of biogenic amines, and acquired antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Overall, this study highlighted the potential of this strain for producing bioactive metabolites (PPE and EPSs) for agri-food and pharmaceutical industry use.

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The Cell Wall of Bacillus subtilis

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Cited by 23 publications

References 283 publications

Comprehensive and Comparative Transcriptional Profiling of the Cell Wall Stress Response inBacillus subtilis

Comprehensive and Comparative Transcriptional Profiling of the Cell Wall Stress Response inBacillus subtilis

Elucidating Adhesion Behaviors and the Interfacial Interaction Mechanism between Plant Probiotics and Modified Bentonite Carriers

Metabiotics Signature through Genome Sequencing and In Vitro Inhibitory Assessment of a Novel Lactococcus lactis Strain UTNCys6-1 Isolated from Amazonian Camu-Camu Fruits

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