The cellular and immunological dynamics of early and transitional human milk

LeMaster, Cas; Pierce, Stephen; Geanes, Eric S.; Khanal, Santosh; Elliott, Staci; Scott, Allison; Louiselle, Daniel; McLennan, Rebecca; Maulik, Devika; Lewis, Tamorah; Pastinen, Tomi; Bradley, Todd

doi:10.1038/s42003-023-04910-2

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 54 publications

(89 reference statements)

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“…Furthermore, a diverse array of molecules are linked to milk fat globules, including lactadherin and mucins (6). Additionally, various components such as exosomes and microbiota are suspended in milk (7)(8)(9). Collectively, these components are believed to be responsible for the protective effects of human milk against infections and serious conditions associated with the underdeveloped gastrointestinal tract of premature infants (10)(11)(12)(13)(14).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of human donor milk on gut barrier function and inflammation: in vitro study of the beneficial properties to the newborn

Rodríguez-Camejo,

Puyol,

Arbildi

et al. 2023

Front. Immunol.

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IntroductionThe gastrointestinal and immune systems of premature infants are not fully developed, rendering them more vulnerable to severe complications like necrotizing enterocolitis. Human milk offers a rich array of bioactive factors that collectively contribute to reducing the incidence of gut infections and inflammatory conditions. When a mother's milk is unavailable, preterm infants are often provided with donor human milk processed in Human Milk Banks. However, it remains uncertain whether pasteurized milk confers the same level of risk reduction as unprocessed milk. This uncertainty may stem from the well-documented adverse effects of heat treatment on milk composition. Yet, our understanding of the comprehensive impact on protective mechanisms is limited.MethodsIn this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of the effects of raw versus pasteurized milk and colostrum versus mature milk on cellular functions associated with the gut epithelial barrier and responses to inflammatory stimuli. We utilized THP-1 and HT-29 cell lines, representing monocyte/macrophages and gut epithelial cells, respectively.ResultsOur observations revealed that all milk types stimulated epithelial cell proliferation. However, only raw colostrum increased cell migration and interfered with the interaction between E. coli and epithelial cells. Furthermore, the response of epithelial and macrophage cells to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was enhanced solely by raw colostrum, with a milder effect observed with mature milk. In contrast, both raw and pasteurized milk diminished the LPS induced response in monocytes. Lastly, we examined how milk affected the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages, finding that milk reduced the subsequent inflammatory response of macrophages to LPS.DiscussionOur study sheds light on the impact of human milk on certain mechanisms that potentially account for its protective effects against necrotizing enterocolitis, highlighting the detrimental influence of pasteurization on some of these mechanisms. Our findings emphasize the urgency of developing alternative pasteurization methods to better preserve milk properties. Moreover, identifying the key components critically affected by these protective mechanisms could enable their inclusion in donor milk or formula, thereby enhancing immunological benefits for vulnerable newborns.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of human donor milk on gut barrier function and inflammation: in vitro study of the beneficial properties to the newborn

Rodríguez-Camejo,

Puyol,

Arbildi

et al. 2023

Front. Immunol.

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Impact of breastfeeding and formula feeding on immune cell populations and blood cell parameters: an observational study

Hamdan,

Alkhateeb,

Oriquat

et al. 2024

J Int Med Res

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Objective Breastfeeding is associated with improved health outcomes in infancy and throughout adulthood as breast milk encompasses diverse immune-active factors that affect the ontogeny of the immune system in breastfed (BF) infants. Nevertheless, the impact of infant feeding on the immune system is poorly understood, and a comprehensive understanding of immune system development in human infants is lacking. In this observational study, we addressed the effects of different infant feeding approaches on cell populations and parameters in the peripheral blood of infants to gain insight into the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Methods Using flowcytometric analysis, we performed complete blood counts and immunoprofiling of peripheral blood collected from BF and formula-fed (FF) infants at different ages. Results Our results showed that the blood of BF infants had a higher frequency of leukocytes and erythrocytes in early infancy. The hemoglobin concentration was enhanced in BF infants. However, the platelet count was comparable regardless of feeding regimen. Conclusions We observed immunophenotypic differences between the two populations of infants, mirrored by improved frequency of innate and adaptive immune cells in BF infants.

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Presepsin in Human Milk Is Delivery Mode and Gender Dependent

D’Adamo,

Peila,

Strozzi

et al. 2024

Nutrients

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Breast milk (BM) is a unique food due to its nutritional composition and anti-inflammatory characteristics. Evidence has emerged on the role of Presepsin (PSEP) as a reliable marker of early sepsis diagnosis. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the measurability of PSEP in BM according to different maturation stages (colostrum, C; transition, Tr; and mature milks, Mt) and corrected for delivery mode and gender. We conducted a multicenter prospective case–control study in women who had delivered 22 term (T) and 22 preterm (PT) infants. A total of 44 human milk samples were collected and stored at −80 °C. BM PSEP (pg/mL) levels were measured by using a rapid chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay. PSEP was detected in all samples analyzed. Higher (p < 0.05) BM PSEP concentrations were observed in the PT compared to the T infants. According to the grade of maturation, higher (p < 0.05) levels of PSEP in C compared to Tr and Mt milks were observed in the whole study population. The BM subtypes’ degrees of maturation were delivery mode and gender dependent. We found that PSEP at high concentrations supports its antimicrobial action both in PT and T infants. These results open the door to further studies investigating the role of PSEP.

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The cellular and immunological dynamics of early and transitional human milk

Cited by 4 publications

References 54 publications

Effects of human donor milk on gut barrier function and inflammation: in vitro study of the beneficial properties to the newborn

Effects of human donor milk on gut barrier function and inflammation: in vitro study of the beneficial properties to the newborn

Impact of breastfeeding and formula feeding on immune cell populations and blood cell parameters: an observational study

Presepsin in Human Milk Is Delivery Mode and Gender Dependent

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