The cellular immune response in the tracheal mucosa to Mycoplasma gallisepticum in vaccinated and unvaccinated chickens in the acute and chronic stages of disease

Gaunson, J E; Philip, C.; Whithear, Kevin G.; Browning, Glenn F.

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.12.008

Cited by 76 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Gauson et al (2006) compared the reaction of the tracheal mucosa to Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection and found significant differences between SPF birds vaccinated against the pathogens and the unimmunised animals. Unvaccinated birds showed evident pathological lesions, both in the trachea and in air sacs, while these were much weaker in the immunised birds throughout the study period (until week 6).…”

Section: Immune Structures In the Respiratory System In Chickens And mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The nodules first appeared on day 4, and they were fully formed on day 12 post infection. They were accompanied by a mild lymphocytic infiltration without heterophils (Javed et al 2005, Gauson et al 2006. Unvaccinated birds reacted to infection with thickening of the tracheal mucosa, caused by infiltration of a large number of lymphocytes, histiocytes, plasmatic cells and a considerable number of heterophils in the lamina propria.…”

Section: Immune Structures In the Respiratory System In Chickens And mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Local immunity of the respiratory mucosal system in chickens and turkeys

Smiałek¹,

Tykałowski²,

Stenzel³

et al. 2011

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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This review article presents fundamental mechanisms of the local mucosal immunity in selected regions of the respiratory tract in healthy birds and in some pathological conditions. The respiratory system, whose mucosa come into direct contact with microorganisms contaminating inhaled air, has some associated structures, such as Harderian gland (HG), conjunctive-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) and paranasal glands (PG), whose participation in local mechanisms of the mucosal immunity has been corroborated by numerous scientific studies.The nasal mucosa, with structured clusters of lymphoid tissue (NALT -nasal-associated lymphoid tissue) is the first to come into contact with microorganisms which contaminate inhaled air. Lymphoid nodules, made up of B cells with frequently developed germinal centres (GC), surrounded by a coat of CD4 + cells, are the major NALT structures in chickens, whereas CD8 + cells are situated in the epithelium and in the lamina propria of the nasal cavity mucosa.Studies into respiratory system infections (e.g. Mycoplasma gallisepticum) have shown the reactivity of the tracheal mucosa to infection, despite a lack of essential lymphoid tissue.Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) takes part in bronchial immune processes and its structure, topography and ability to perform defensive function in birds is largely age-dependent. Mature BALT is covered by a delicate layer of epithelial cells, called follicle-associated epithelium (FAE). Germinal centres (GC), surrounded by CD4 + cells are developed in most mature BALT nodules, while CD8 + lymphocytes are dispersed among lymphoid nodules and in the epithelium, and they are rarely present in GC.Macrophages make up the first line of defence mechanisms through which the host rapidly responds to microorganisms and their products in the respiratory mucosal system. Another very important element are polymorphonuclear cells, with heterophils being the most important of them. Phagocytic cells obtained from lung lavages in birds are referred to as FARM (free avian respiratory macrophages). Their number in chickens and turkeys is estimated to be 20 times lower than that in mice and rats, which indicates a deficit in the first-line of defence in the birds' respiratory system.There are numerous B cells and antibody secreting cells (ASC) present throughout the respiratory system in birds. Their role comes down to perform antigen-specific protection by producing antibodies (IgM, IgY or IgA class) as a result of contact with pathogenic factors.

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Section: Immune Structures In the Respiratory System In Chickens And mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Immune Structures In the Respiratory System In Chickens And mentioning

confidence: 99%

Local immunity of the respiratory mucosal system in chickens and turkeys

Smiałek¹,

Tykałowski²,

Stenzel³

et al. 2011

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Previous studies indicated that macrophages play a significant role in mycoplasma clearance via phagocytosis, whereas polymorphonuclear leukocytes may aid in the dissemination of mycoplasma to other tissues (8,9). Both B and T cells also are known to play critical roles in clearance and the prevention of dissemination of mycoplasma (9)(10)(11). However, although these events are important in antimycoplasmal defense, the dysregulated accumulation of leukocytes in the mucosa also may contribute to the immunopathology associated with the infection.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction of Mycoplasma gallisepticum with Chicken Tracheal Epithelial Cells Contributes to Macrophage Chemotaxis and Activation

Majumder

Silbart

2016

Infect Immun

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Mycoplasma gallisepticum colonizes the chicken respiratory mucosa and mediates a severe inflammatory response hallmarked by subepithelial leukocyte infiltration. We recently reported that the interaction of M. gallisepticum with chicken tracheal epithelial cells (TECs) mediated the upregulation of chemokine and inflammatory cytokine genes in these cells (S. Majumder, F. Zappulla, and L. K. Silbart, PLoS One 9:e112796, http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112796). The current study extends these observations and sheds light on how this initial interaction may give rise to subsequent inflammatory events. Conditioned medium from TECs exposed to the virulent R low strain induced macrophage chemotaxis to a much higher degree than the nonvirulent R high strain. Coculture of chicken macrophages (HD-11) with TECs exposed to live mycoplasma revealed the upregulation of several proinflammatory genes associated with macrophage activation, including interleukin-1␤ (IL-1␤), IL-6, IL-8, CCL20, macrophage inflammatory protein 1␤ (MIP-1␤), CXCL-13, and RANTES. The upregulation of these genes was similar to that observed upon direct contact of HD-11 cells with live M. gallisepticum. Coculture of macrophages with R low -exposed TECs also resulted in prolonged expression of chemokine genes, such as those encoding CXCL-13, MIP-1␤, RANTES, and IL-8. Taken together, these studies support the notion that the initial interaction of M. gallisepticum with host respiratory epithelial cells contributes to macrophage chemotaxis and activation by virtue of robust upregulation of inflammatory cytokine and chemokine genes, thereby setting the stage for chronic tissue inflammation. Mycoplasma gallisepticum is known primarily as an extracellular pathogen; however, evidence of invasion into nonphagocytic cells, including red blood cells, HeLa cells, and fibroblasts (1-6) has been reported. The primary site of M. gallisepticum attachment and colonization is the respiratory epithelium, and the organism appears to remain localized to the mucosal surface with little or no classical invasion (7). Previous studies in our laboratory using immunohistochemistry (see Fig. S1 in the supplemental material) and in situ hybridization with a M. gallisepticumspecific 16S riboprobe suggest that the organism is confined to the luminal surface of the tracheal epithelium for four or more days postinfection (see Fig. S2). Upon colonization, mycoplasma mediates a vigorous inflammatory response initially comprised of heterophils and macrophages, followed later by infiltrating lymphocytes, including both B and T cells, into the mucosa. Previous studies indicated that macrophages play a significant role in mycoplasma clearance via phagocytosis, whereas polymorphonuclear leukocytes may aid in the dissemination of mycoplasma to other tissues (8, 9). Both B and T cells also are known to play critical roles in clearance and the prevention of dissemination of mycoplasma (9-11). However, although these events are important in antimycoplasmal defense, the dysregulated accumu...

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“…The cells are mainly located in the lamina propria and submucosa (Kotani et al 2000). Responses in trachea are agedependent as B cells were not detected in the trachea of Mycoplasma gallisepticum-infected SPF layer-type chicken until 3 weeks post infection (Gaunson et al 2006).…”

Section: Humoral Immune Responses In the Rtmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the tracheal mucosa is highly responsive to infection and reacts with extensive lymphocyte infiltration followed by proliferation (Gaunson et al 2000;Gaunson et al 2006;Matthijs et al 2009). Tracheal lesions characteristic for Mycoplasma infections predominantly consist of proliferating B cells (Gaunson et al 2006) and this is similar to IBV infection (Kotani et al 2000). The cells are mainly located in the lamina propria and submucosa (Kotani et al 2000).…”

Section: Humoral Immune Responses In the Rtmentioning

confidence: 99%

Induction of respiratory immune responses in the chicken; implications for development of mucosal avian influenza virus vaccines

Geus

Rebel

Vervelde

2012

Veterinary Quarterly

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The risk and the size of an outbreak of avian influenza virus (AIV) could be restricted by vaccination of poultry. A vaccine used for rapid intervention during an AIV outbreak should be safe, highly effective after a single administration and suitable for mass application. In the case of AIV, aerosol vaccination using live virus is not desirable because of its zoonotic potential and because of the risk for virus reassortment. The rational design of novel mucosal-inactivated vaccines against AIV requires a comprehensive knowledge of the structure and function of the lung-associated immune system in birds in order to target vaccines appropriately and to design efficient mucosal adjuvants. This review addresses our current understanding of the induction of respiratory immune responses in the chicken. Furthermore, possible mucosal vaccination strategies for AIV are highlighted.

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The cellular immune response in the tracheal mucosa to Mycoplasma gallisepticum in vaccinated and unvaccinated chickens in the acute and chronic stages of disease

Cited by 76 publications

References 15 publications

Local immunity of the respiratory mucosal system in chickens and turkeys

Local immunity of the respiratory mucosal system in chickens and turkeys

Interaction of Mycoplasma gallisepticum with Chicken Tracheal Epithelial Cells Contributes to Macrophage Chemotaxis and Activation

Induction of respiratory immune responses in the chicken; implications for development of mucosal avian influenza virus vaccines

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