“…In addition, PIPE issuing firms have the option to negotiate directly with the purchaser, which reduces the direct offering costs (Chen, Dai and Schatzberg, 2010;Dresner and Kim, 2010). (Hertzel and Smith, 1993), the initial positive market reaction is attributed to the certification effect of informed investors participating in PIPEs (Floros, Nagarajan and Sivaramakrishnan, 2017;Hertzel and Smith, 1993) and the subsequent rise in the likelihood of an increase in firm value due to the enhanced monitoring (Barclay, Holderness and Sheehan, 2007;Dai, 2007;Wruck, 1989).…”