The cervical neural foramina: correlation of microtomy and CT anatomy.

Pech, Peter; Daniels, David L.; Williams, A L; Haughton, V M

doi:10.1148/radiology.155.1.3975392

Cited by 66 publications

(31 citation statements)

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“…The dimensions of the cervical foramen are of clinical importance in the diagnosis of foraminal herniated disc and stenosis. Anatomic studies have described the cervical neural foramen as a 4-5 mm long bony canal through which the cervical nerve root passes anterolaterally at approximately a 45°angle with respect to the coronal plane and downward 10-15°with respect to the axial plane [2,10]. The ventral and dorsal nerve roots are located in the inferior portion of the neural foramen at or below the disc level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of angled sagittal MRI and conventional MRI in the diagnosis of herniated disc and stenosis in the cervical foramen

et al. 2009

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The object of this study is to demonstrate that angled sagittal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enables the precise diagnosis of herniated disc and stenosis in the cervical foramen, which is not available with conventional MRI. Due to both the anatomic features of the cervical foramen and the limitations of conventional MR techniques, it has been difficult to identify disease in the lateral aspects of the spinal canal and foramen using only conventional MRI. Angled sagittal MRI oriented perpendicular to the true course of the foramina facilitates the identification of the lateral disease. A review of 43 patients, who underwent anterior cervical discectomy and interbody fusion, is presented with a herniated disc and/or stenosis in the cervical foramen. They all had undergone conventional MRI and angled sagittal MRI. Fifty levels were surgically explored for evidence of foraminal herniated disc and stenosis. The results of each test were correlated with what was found at each explored surgical level. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of both examinations for making the diagnosis of foraminal herniated disc and stenosis were compared. During the diagnosis of foraminal herniated disc, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of angled sagittal MRI were 96.7, 95.0, and 96.0%, respectively, compared with 56.7, 85.0, and 68.0% for conventional MRI. In making the diagnosis of foraminal stenosis, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of angled sagittal MRI were 96.3, 95.7, and 96.0%, respectively, compared with 40.7, 91.3, and 66.0% for conventional MRI. In the above groups, the difference between the tests for making the diagnosis of both foraminal herniated disc and stenosis was found to be statistically significant in sensitivity and accuracy. Angled sagittal MRI was a more accurate test compared to conventional MRI for making the diagnosis of herniated disc and stenosis in the cervical foramen. It can be utilized for the precise diagnosis of foraminal herniated disc and stenosis difficult or ambiguous in conventional MRI.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of angled sagittal MRI and conventional MRI in the diagnosis of herniated disc and stenosis in the cervical foramen

et al. 2009

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“…4,9,11,14 The vertical diameter of the foramen has been reported to be approximately twice that of the anteroposterior diameter, and the foramen encompasses the spinal nerves, fatty tissues, and small veins. 4,11,23,30 While the cervical anatomy and the relationship between the contents of the neural foramina have been documented through numerous published studies, 3,8,9,10 our review of the literature found no normative data establishing the dimensions of the cervical intervertebral foramen in vivo, nor how these dimensions are altered with various changes in the position of the head or neck.…”

mentioning

confidence: 77%

Dimensions of the Cervical Neural Foramina in Resting and Retracted Positions Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Lentell¹,

Kruse²,

Chock³

et al. 2002

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

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Study Design: Prospective within-subject experimental design using a sample of convenience. Objectives: To describe cervical foraminal dimensions in vivo of nonimpaired, asymptomatic individuals in a neutral cervical spine position using magnetic resonance images, and then to document dimensional changes of the foramina when placing the neck in a retracted position. Background: Physical therapists frequently use movement interventions to treat spine dysfunction. The influence of positional changes of the head and neck on the dimensions of the cervical neural foramina is not well documented. Methods and Measures: Twenty asymptomatic subjects (10 men and 10 women), 22 to 25 years of age (mean ± SD = 23.7 ± 0.8), underwent magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine in both neutral and retracted positions. Bilateral measurements were documented in both positions and compared for height, width, and area of each subject's intervertebral foramen from C2-C3 to C7-T1. Results: No significant differences (P Ͼ 0.004) were found between the 2 neck positions. With the single exception of foraminal area at C3-C4, the mean values of height, width, and area in the retracted position were equal to or larger than those of the cervical neutral position. Conclusions: Therapeutic maneuvers using retraction of the cervical spine do not promote positional stenosis of the intervertebral foramen in the healthy neck.

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“…Blood is drained by vessels that flows into the perimedullary veins. There are two pathways at these veins [38]. The epidural venous plexuses are in communication with the extravertebral system through the intervertebral foraminal veins, by two veins [6,10,12].…”

Section: The Veinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The posterior (sensory) root, is three times larger than the anterior root, and is composed of four to ten rootlets that penetrate the posterior collateral sulcus. It is located posteriorly and superiorly to the anterior root [38]. The cervical nerve roots extend anterolaterally at a 45° angle to the coronal plane and inferiorly at about 10° to the axial plane [9].…”

Section: The Nerve Rootsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many studies have evaluated the vertebral body, spinal canal, and spinal cord [15,26,35]. However, an extremely limited number of studies have reviewed the complete anatomy of the cervical intervertebral foramen (Table 1) [8,10,25,38,40,48]. In fact, there is only one review article describing the anatomy of cervical intervertebral foramen as a whole, which focused on vascularisation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clinical anatomy and clinical significance of the cervical intervertebral foramen: a review

Sioutas

Kapetanakis²

2016

Folia Morphol

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The cervical neural foramina: correlation of microtomy and CT anatomy.

Cited by 66 publications

References 0 publications

A comparison of angled sagittal MRI and conventional MRI in the diagnosis of herniated disc and stenosis in the cervical foramen

A comparison of angled sagittal MRI and conventional MRI in the diagnosis of herniated disc and stenosis in the cervical foramen

Dimensions of the Cervical Neural Foramina in Resting and Retracted Positions Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Clinical anatomy and clinical significance of the cervical intervertebral foramen: a review

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