The Cervical Spine of the American Barn Owl (Tyto furcata pratincola): I. Anatomy of the Vertebrae and Regionalization in Their S-Shaped Arrangement

Krings, Markus; Nyakatura, John A.; Fischer, Martin S.; Wagner, Hermann

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0091653

Cited by 43 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Psittacidae investigated in this study had similar numbers of caudal vertebrae in spite of highly variable vertebral formulae among birds (Berger, ; Olson, ). The typical sigmoid‐shaped spine described in different bird groups was also observed in the cockatiel specimens studied (Cavinatto et al, ; Krings, Nyakatura, Fischer, & Wagner, ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Radiographic anatomy of the cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) axial and appendicular skeleton

Silva

Vieira

Mancini

et al. 2019

Anat Histol Embryol

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Cockatiels are popular pets. Still, despite medical and surgical relevance, the radiographic anatomy of the cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) skeleton, like that of different wild and exotic bird species, has seldom been described. This study set out to describe the radiographic anatomy of the cockatiel skeleton. Twelve adult male and nine adult female specimens were radiographed using a digital X‐ray system and different views. The radiographic anatomy of these birds was similar to that of other Psittacidae. However, some particularities inherent to the target species were detected, such as the presence of four flexion zones in the skull (craniofacial, nasal, jugal arch and palatine), complete bony orbit comprising a suborbital arch, 34–38 vertebrae (10 or 11 cervical, 8 or 9 thoracic, 9 or 10 lumbosacral, 5 or 6 caudal vertebrae and a pygostyle comprising 2 fused vertebrae), eight or nine pairs of ribs and a notarium made up of fused T2–T6 vertebrae. Poor radiopacity of the notarium, ribs and respective uncinate processes, and synsacral vertebrae made demarcation of these structures difficult. The appendicular skeleton of the cockatiel was very similar to that of other Psittacidae, and there were no gender‐related differences.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Radiographic anatomy of the cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) axial and appendicular skeleton

Silva

Vieira

Mancini

et al. 2019

Anat Histol Embryol

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“…Nas aves radiografadas, foi possível observar que o atlas é estreito e possui formato circular, estando articulado com o único côndilo do osso occipital (Krings et al 2014). Com exceção do atlas e áxis, todas as outras vértebras cervicais apresentaram processos costais (Fig.2), maiores principalmente em C7 e C8 (Guinard et al, 2010).…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

“…Ainda é válido informar que, com exceção do atlas, em todos os exemplares estudados as vértebras cervicais se mostraram heterocelosas (Fig.2), com superfícies articulares em formato de sela (Krings et al 2014), ou seja, a superfície articular cranial do corpo vertebral se mostrou côncavo em sentido dorsoventral, enquanto que a superfície articular caudal teve curvatura oposta (Nickel et al 1977). Tal morfologia parece favorecer a desenvoltura de movimentos como flexão lateral e extensão da região cervical nestas aves (Koerhuis et al 2003).…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

“…Assim como observado para os mamíferos, nos papagaios estudados todas as vértebras cervicais (neste caso deve-se incluir atlas e axis) e torácicas articulavam-se umas com as outras por meio de junturas sinoviais, localizadas entre os processos articulares craniais e caudais de cada vértebra (Krings et al 2014, Kumar & Singh 2014. Mas, apesar de descritas para anatídeos (Necker 2006), não foram observadas fusões entre as vértebras torácicas em nenhuma espécie do gênero Amazona (Fig.7), fato que pode ser explicado pela presença de largos ligamentos interespinhosos, entre os processos espinhosos (Jiang et al 1995).…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

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Descrição anatômica de esqueletos de papagaios do gênero Amazona através da utilização de radiografias

Cavinatto

Armando²,

Cruz

et al. 2016

Pesq. Vet. Bras.

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RESUMO.-O esqueleto de papagaios da espécie Amazona aestiva foi descrito e comparado com representantes de outras espécies do gênero Amazona. Para tanto, foram utilizados 22 exemplares da espécie Amazona aestiva; dois das espécies Amazona vinacea; Amazona rhodocorythae, Amazona farinosa, além de um exemplar das espécies Amazona brasiliensis e Amazona pretrei, doados após morte natural pelo Criadouro Poços de Caldas. Foram realizadas radiografias de corpo inteiro, variando de decúbito lateral direito ou esquerdo, no caso das projeções latero-laterais, e em decúbito dorsal, no caso da projeção ventro-dorsal. Independentemente da espécie, os crânios dos papagaios estudados puderam ser classificados como pró-cinéticos, por apresentarem liberdade de movimentos em sua porção rostral. Na maioria dos casos, a coluna vertebral esteve formada por 12 vértebras cervicais, seis vértebras torácicas livres, sinsacro (formado pela fusão da última vértebra torácica, 7 lombosacrais e uma caudal), cinco vértebras caudais livres e pelo pigóstilo (formado por três vértebras caudais fusionadas) e, apesar de diferenças pontuais, o esqueleto apendicular torácico e pélvico se mostrou muito semelhante ao observado para outros gêneros de aves e, inclusive, não foi possí-vel observar dimorfismo sexual através das características anatômicas dos esqueletos dos papagaios trabalhados. This study describes the skeleton of Amazona aestiva parrots and compared it with representatives of other Amazona species. To this end, we used 22 specimens of Amazona aestiva, two specimens each of Amazona vinacea; Amazona rhodocorythae, Amazona farinosa and one specimen each of Amazona brasiliensis and Amazona pretrei donated after natural death by Poços de Caldas Breeding Park. Full body radiographs were taken, in either the right or left lateral decubitus position, in the case of laterolateral projections, and in supine position, in the case of ventrodorsal projection. Regardless of the species, skulls of the parrots were classified as prokinetic, because of free movements in their rostral portion. In most cases, the spine consisted of: 12 cervical vertebrae, six free thoracic vertebrae, synsacrum (formed by the fusion of the last thoracic vertebrae, 7 lumbosacral vertebrae and one caudal vertebrae), five free caudal vertebrae and the pygostyle (formed by three fused caudal vertebrae). Despite punctual differences, thoracic and pelvic appendicular skeleton proved to be very similar to that observed for other genera of birds. In addition, there was no sexual dimorphism considering the anatomical characteristics of the skeletons of parrots analyzed.

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“…The neck is involved in every orienting movement of the owl towards a sensory stimulus (Ohayon et al 2006). Despite its important function in orienting, we have only just begun to understand the morphology of the owl neck (Boas, 1929;Krings et al 2014;Boumans et al 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Barn owls maximize head rotations by a combination of yawing and rolling in functionally diverse regions of the neck

et al. 2017

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Owls are known for their outstanding neck mobility: these birds can rotate their heads more than 270°. The anatomical basis of this extraordinary neck rotation ability is not well understood. We used X-ray fluoroscopy of living owls as well as forced neck rotations in dead specimens and computer tomographic (CT) reconstructions to study how the individual cervical joints contribute to head rotation in barn owls (Tyto furcata pratincola). The X-ray data showed the natural posture of the neck, and the reconstructions of the CT-scans provided the shapes of the individual vertebrae. Joint mobility was analyzed in a spherical coordinate system. The rotational capability was described as rotation about the yaw and roll axes. The analyses suggest a functional division of the cervical spine into several regions. Most importantly, an upper region shows high rolling and yawing capabilities. The mobility of the lower, more horizontally oriented joints of the cervical spine is restricted mainly to the roll axis. These rolling movements lead to lateral bending, effectively resulting in a side shift of the head compared with the trunk during large rotations. The joints in the middle of the cervical spine proved to contribute less to head rotation. The analysis of joint mobility demonstrated how owls might maximize horizontal head rotation by a specific and variable combination of yawing and rolling in functionally diverse regions of the neck.

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The Cervical Spine of the American Barn Owl (Tyto furcata pratincola): I. Anatomy of the Vertebrae and Regionalization in Their S-Shaped Arrangement

Cited by 43 publications

References 25 publications

Radiographic anatomy of the cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) axial and appendicular skeleton

Radiographic anatomy of the cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) axial and appendicular skeleton

Descrição anatômica de esqueletos de papagaios do gênero Amazona através da utilização de radiografias

Barn owls maximize head rotations by a combination of yawing and rolling in functionally diverse regions of the neck

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