The cervicovaginal mucus barrier to HIV-1 is diminished in bacterial vaginosis

Hoang, Thuy; Toler, Emily; DeLong, Kevin; Mafunda, Nomfuneko A.; Bloom, Seth M.; Zierden, Hannah C.; Moench, Thomas R.; Coleman, Jenell S.; Hanes, Justin; Kwon, Douglas S.; Lai, Samuel K.; Cone, Richard A.; Ensign, Laura M.

doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1008236

Cited by 59 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Overall, studies that generalize the potential positive effects of Lactobacilli on fertility must take into account that different types of Lactobacilli have different properties, such as the ability to produce lactic acid from the breakdown of glycogen conversion. The acidity produced by L. crispatus was recorded as high compared to that by L. iners, L. jensenii, and L. gasseri [162].…”

Section: Lactic Acid Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 78%

Microflora in the Reproductive Tract of Cattle: A Review

Appiah

Wang

2020

Agriculture

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There are microbial communities in and on the bodies of all multicellular organisms, and this microbiota can have a significant impact on the biology of the host. Most studies have focused on the microbiome of the skin, mouth, and gut, whereas relatively little is known about the reproductive microbiome. From the perspective of the bovine reproductive tract, uterine diseases such as metritis and endometritis are traditionally viewed to result only from interactions occurring between the host animal and pathogens originating from either the environment or ascension from the vagina. This outdated opinion has been refuted by recent advanced studies that propose that, in addition to bacteria colonization through the extrinsic and ascending pathways to the vagina, bacteria can also move from the gut to the uterus, which is also associated with reproductive tract disorders. This has led to the concept of the “endogenous route hypothesis”, which has vital inferences for comprehending the etiology of metritis and endometritis. Furthermore, it has opened up the possibility of developing new prophylactic and therapeutic agents as alternatives to antimicrobial agents. In addition, the unveiling of next-generation sequencing technology makes it more convenient to perform detailed sequencing and analysis of data on the cervical, vaginal, and uterine flora and to further study uncultured bacteria in these niches—most importantly, the cervical niche, which previously was thought to have lower bacterial complexity. Research conducted to date has proven that the composition of microflora in a community varies widely between environmental sites, host niches, and health status. Furthermore, it has also been suggested that the occurrence of endometritis in the dairy and beef cattle reproductive tract is neither casual nor indirect but multifactorial. Whether disturbance in the variety of the microflora in the reproductive tract (dysbiosis) has a role in determining the sensitivity to metritis and endometritis is not yet known. This article outlines the current progress in understanding the microflora with regards to the bovine reproductive tract. The compositions of microflora in various niches of the reproductive tract are briefly elucidated. In addition, the functional role of these microflora communities in the reproductive tract is discussed, with particular emphasis on the association of bacterial flora with reproductive disorders and failures. Finally, prophylaxis and therapeutic approaches based on the new comprehension of the effects of antimicrobials, probiotics, and bacteriophages on the composition of the reproductive tract microflora are also considered.

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Section: Lactic Acid Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 78%

Microflora in the Reproductive Tract of Cattle: A Review

Appiah

Wang

2020

Agriculture

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“…d -lactic acid is exclusively contributed by the bacteria, whereas l - lactate is produced both by the bacteria and vaginal epithelial cells [ 29 ]. Recently higher d -lactic acid was reported in axenic cultures and cervicovaginal mucus samples from women with normal microbiota [ 30 , 31 ]. Thus, presence of d -lactic acid producing lactobacilli in the vaginal milieu is more important than any lactic acid producing species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinct Functional Traits of Lactobacilli from Women with Asymptomatic Bacterial Vaginosis and Normal Microbiota

Pramanick

Aranha

2020

Microorganisms

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Asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis (BV) in reproductive-age women has serious obstetric and gynecological consequences. Despite its high incidence, the behavior of vaginal lactobacilli in asymptomatic BV is unknown. We analyzed the functional properties of previously isolated vaginal lactobacilli from asymptomatic women with normal, intermediate, and BV microbiota. Lactic acid and antimicrobial activity against seven urogenital pathogens were evaluated from lactobacilli cell-free culture supernatants (CFCs) (n = 207) after 48 h incubation in MRS. Lactobacilli isolates were used to evaluate H2O2, autoaggregation and coaggregation with C. albicans. Lactobacilli from normal microbiota produced more d-lactate than lactobacilli from intermediate and asymptomatic BV (p = 0.007). L. plantarum, L. fermentum and L. reuteri produced greater d-lactate whereas L. rhamnosus, L. crispatus, L. johnsonii were greater producers of l-lactate. Interspecies positive correlation was observed in the lactic acid contents of CFCs. Distribution of H2O2-producing lactobacilli did not vary significantly among the groups. When lactic acid isomers were considered, species from intermediate and BV microbiota clustered together with each other and distinctly from species of normal microbiota. Broad-spectrum antagonism (≥90% inhibition) against E. coli, C. albicans, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, G. vaginalis, N. gonorrhoeae, S. agalactiae were displayed by 46.86% (97) of isolates. Our study highlights the differential functional properties of vaginal lactobacilli from women with normal microbiota and asymptomatic BV.

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“…The occurrence of BV has been associated to the formation of high oxidative stress (e.g. high level of malondialdehyde (MDA) production and low superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity) and degradation of mucin in the vaginal milieu [ 229 , 230 ]. Thus, it is crucial that high antioxidant capacity of vaginal epithelium may reduce the oxidative stress formed during the BV infection and enhance the vaginal immune system against pathogens.…”

Section: Bacterial Polysaccharidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaginal microbiota and the potential of Lactobacillus derivatives in maintaining vaginal health

2020

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Human vagina is colonised by a diverse array of microorganisms that make up the normal microbiota and mycobiota. Lactobacillus is the most frequently isolated microorganism from the healthy human vagina, this includes Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus iners, and Lactobacillus jensenii. These vaginal lactobacilli have been touted to prevent invasion of pathogens by keeping their population in check. However, the disruption of vaginal ecosystem contributes to the overgrowth of pathogens which causes complicated vaginal infections such as bacterial vaginosis (BV), sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Predisposing factors such as menses, pregnancy, sexual practice, uncontrolled usage of antibiotics, and vaginal douching can alter the microbial community. Therefore, the composition of vaginal microbiota serves an important role in determining vagina health. Owing to their Generally Recognised as Safe (GRAS) status, lactobacilli have been widely utilised as one of the alternatives besides conventional antimicrobial treatment against vaginal pathogens for the prevention of chronic vaginitis and the restoration of vaginal ecosystem. In addition, the effectiveness of Lactobacillus as prophylaxis has also been well-founded in long-term administration. This review aimed to highlight the beneficial effects of lactobacilli derivatives (i.e. surface-active molecules) with anti-biofilm, antioxidant, pathogen-inhibition, and immunomodulation activities in developing remedies for vaginal infections. We also discuss the current challenges in the implementation of the use of lactobacilli derivatives in promotion of human health. In the current review, we intend to provide insights for the development of lactobacilli derivatives as a complementary or alternative medicine to conventional probiotic therapy in vaginal health.

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The cervicovaginal mucus barrier to HIV-1 is diminished in bacterial vaginosis

Cited by 59 publications

References 71 publications

Microflora in the Reproductive Tract of Cattle: A Review

Microflora in the Reproductive Tract of Cattle: A Review

Distinct Functional Traits of Lactobacilli from Women with Asymptomatic Bacterial Vaginosis and Normal Microbiota

Vaginal microbiota and the potential of Lactobacillus derivatives in maintaining vaginal health

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