The CES-D as a Screen for Depression and Other Psychiatric Disorders in Adolescents

Garrison, Carol Z.; Addy, Cheryl L.; Jackson, Ken; McKeown, Robert E.; Waller, Jennifer L.

doi:10.1097/00004583-199107000-00017

Cited by 322 publications

(190 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The screening performance of the PAID questionnaire for depression in diabetes seems to be equivalent to or slightly better than that of the CES-D, whereas the BDI seems to have a slightly higher screening performance. A comparison of the screening performance of the PAID questionnaire in diabetic patients with that of the CES-D and BDI in the general population yielded a similar result [38][39][40][41][42][43]. In summary, the screening performance of the PAID questionnaire, as a measure of diabetes-specific emotional distress, is quite comparable to that of the two specific and commonly used depression questionnaires mentioned above and substantially higher than that of the SCA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

How to screen for depression and emotional problems in patients with diabetes: comparison of screening characteristics of depression questionnaires, measurement of diabetes-specific emotional problems and standard clinical assessment

et al. 2006

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Aims/hypothesis: We compared the screening performance of different measures of depression: the standard clinical assessment (SCA); the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI); the Center of Epidemiological StudiesDepression Scale (CES-D); and the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) questionnaire, which assesses diabetesspecific distress. We also studied the ability of these measures to detect diabetes-related distress. Materials and methods: A total of 376 diabetic patients (37.2% type 1; 23.9% type 2 without insulin treatment, 38.8% type 2 with insulin) completed the BDI and CES-D; patients who screened positive participated in a diagnostic interview, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Also, all patients completed the PAID questionnaire. Results of the SCA that related to depression diagnosis were reviewed to correct for false negative screening results. Results: The prevalence of clinical depression was 14.1%, with an additional 18.9% of patients receiving a diagnosis of subclinical depression. Sensitivity for clinical depression in SCA (56%) was moderate, whereas BDI, CES-D and the PAID questionnaire showed satisfactory sensitivity (87, 79 and 81%, respectively). For subclinical depression, the sensitivity of the PAID questionnaire (79%) was sufficient, whereas that of SCA (25%) was poor. All methods showed low sensitivity for the detection of diabetes-specific emotional problems (SCA 19%, CIDI 34%, BDI 60%, CES-D 49%). Conclusions/interpretation: The screening performance of SCA for clinical and subclinical depression was modest. Additional screening for depression using the PAID or another depression questionnaire seems reasonable. The ability of depression screening measures to identify diabetes-related distress is modest, suggesting that the PAID questionnaire could be useful when screening diabetic patients for both depression and emotional problems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

How to screen for depression and emotional problems in patients with diabetes: comparison of screening characteristics of depression questionnaires, measurement of diabetes-specific emotional problems and standard clinical assessment

et al. 2006

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“…A possible explanation for the increased depression rates in our sample could be the fact that the rating scales were more likely to estimate general psychiatric symptoms rather than depression itself. Studies of depression in adolescents found that only 13% to 25% of individuals initially identified as depressed by the CES-D actually had depression 37 . In adolescents, the presence of comorbidities, especially anxiety and conduct disorder, could also result in increased scores.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Escalas psicométricas como instrumentos de rastreamento para depressão em estudantes do ensino médio

Salle¹,

Rocha²,

Rocha³

et al. 2012

Rev. psiquiatr. clín.

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Background: Depression is a major cause of suicide among adolescents. Therefore, it is crucial to find suitable depression screening tools for this population. Objective: To evaluate the use of depression rating scales as screening tools for depression in a sample of Brazilian high school students. Methods: A cross--sectional study. Three scales (BDI, CES-D, and CRS) and a screening test for general psychiatric symptoms (SRQ) were administered to a sample of 503 high school students aged between 15 to 17 years. The results were compared to those obtained with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). Results: The prevalence of major depression using DSM-IV criteria was 10.9%. Adolescents with major depression had significantly higher (p = 0.001) scores in the SRQ and in the three scales analyzed compared to the group without depression. The sensitivity and specificity of BDI, CES-D, and CRS were 0.77 and 0.70, 0.75 and 0.73, and 0.82 and 0.71, respectively, to screen for major depression (ROC curve). The best cutoff values to suggest depression were 9 for BDI, 10 for CSR, and 14 for CES-D. The frequency of depressive symptoms was higher in girls (approximately 2:1). Discussion: The present findings support the use of the BDI, the CES-D and the CRS only for screening or as an additional symptomatic evaluation of depression in high school student. The difference in scale scores between boys and girls warns against the use of the same cutoff values for both sexes.

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“…The CESD has good construct validity and reliability (a 5 .87) [22] , and is sensitive to individual differences in depressive severity in student populations. [19,20] Radloff (1991) suggested a cut-off of 16 for older adolescents whereas others [25] have found cut-offs of 22 for boys and 24 for girls optimize specificities and sensitivity for detecting adolescent with clinical levels of depressive symptoms. We use a cut-off of 24 for binary outcomes (Depression Status; Low (o 24), High (4 5 24) level of depressive symptoms) and also to divide the participants into those with a high and low level of initial depressive symptoms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A controlled trial of a school-based Internet program for reducing depressive symptoms in adolescent girls

et al. 2009

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Background: This study evaluates the benefits of a self-directed Internet intervention for depression (MoodGYM) delivered as a part of the high school curriculum. Method: One hundred and fifty-seven girls, aged 15 and 16 years, were allocated to undertake either MoodGYM or their usual curriculum. MoodGYM's impact on depressive symptoms, risk of depression, attributional style, depression literacy and attitudes toward depression was examined using random effect regression. Results: MoodGYM produced a significantly faster rate of decline in depressive symptoms over the trial period than the control condition. The effect size for MoodGYM was not significant immediately after the intervention (Cohen's d 5 .19, 95% CI À.18-.56) but was moderate and significant 20 weeks after the intervention (d 5 .46, 95% CI .10-.82). Girls with high depression scores before intervention showed the strongest benefits on self-reported depression at follow-up (d 5 .92, 95% CI .10-1.38). There were no significant intervention effects on depression status, attributional style, depression literacy, and attitudes. Approximately 70% of girls in the MoodGYM group completed less than three of its modules and completion of fewer modules was related to high depression score before intervention. Conclusions: The findings suggest that there are benefits from MoodGYM on self-reported depressive symptoms but has low rates of completion highlight problems in ensuring adherence to Internet programs for depression. Depression and anxiety 26:65-72, 2009.

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The CES-D as a Screen for Depression and Other Psychiatric Disorders in Adolescents

Cited by 322 publications

References 22 publications

How to screen for depression and emotional problems in patients with diabetes: comparison of screening characteristics of depression questionnaires, measurement of diabetes-specific emotional problems and standard clinical assessment

How to screen for depression and emotional problems in patients with diabetes: comparison of screening characteristics of depression questionnaires, measurement of diabetes-specific emotional problems and standard clinical assessment

Escalas psicométricas como instrumentos de rastreamento para depressão em estudantes do ensino médio

A controlled trial of a school-based Internet program for reducing depressive symptoms in adolescent girls

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