The Challenges of Establishing Healthcare Services in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: The Case of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq—Report from the Field

Abstract

The present report from the field tries to present challenges associated with establishing healthcare services for individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in a low- and middle-income area. The given case that has been highlighted is establishing daycare services focusing on rehabilitation and training services for individuals with ASD, and their caregivers and family members, in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). Based on my experience, the associated challenges are divided into three primary levels: personal, professional, and organizational. The report highlights the importance of understanding the challenges associated with establishing healthcare services with the desire to put them under control. Plus, understanding the cultural aspects of the healthcare services for individuals with ASD experiences to address the issues at each level shared. It is concluded in the final part of the report that the key to establishing healthcare quality is to understand attitudes toward healthcare at the personal, professional, and organizational levels. This attitude determines the expectation from the services and defines assistance-seeking behaviors. Results offer insight for stakeholders in the healthcare field, allowing for a better understanding and improvement of availability and access to quality-driven healthcare services. A pre- and in-service training approach is practiced to address the associated challenges of establishing healthcare services at the personal level in KRI. A similar policy might be applicable in other LMICs, where there is a lack of professional and skillful healthcare service providers.

Age of Autism Spectrum Disorder diagnosis and associated factors

“…Late ASD diagnosis was reported in the underprivileged areas in other Asian countries, e.g., Azerbaijan and India (Ghahari et al, 2022;Prahbhjot & Singhi, 2022). Samadi et al (2022) finds pervasive challenges in the ASD health care system in Iraq -at personal, professional, and organisational levels. Nonetheless, studies from some European countries also point to similar difficulties (Bujas Petkovic et al, 2015;Ilic et al, 2019;Pistoljevic, Dzanko & Ghaziuddin, 2021).…”

Organizational Challenges in Healthcare Services Providers for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Considering Personnel Turnover Rate

“…Local governments of KRI and organizations that provide healthcare services also face different cultural and social difficulties related to negative attitudes and biases toward KRI’s developmental disabilities and service-seeking behaviors. Several organizational and management factors may have contributed to the present challenges [ 26 ]. However, the impacts of these challenges might be seen in different ways.…”