The challenges of moving chemicals within and out of cells: insights into the transport of plant natural products

Grotewold, Erich

doi:10.1007/s00425-004-1336-0

Cited by 103 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Finally, our studies, although establishing the involvement of a MATE transporter in PA monomer transport, do not exclude the possibility that membrane vesicle-mediated transport of flavonoids (Grotewold, 2004;Poustka et al, 2007) may also be involved in PA biosynthesis and accumulation. Further experimentation will be necessary to confirm whether the vesicle-like structures that label with MATE1-GFP (see Supplemental Figure 7 online) are indeed destined for the vacuole.…”

Section: Unresolved Questions Concerning Pa Monomer Transportcontrasting

confidence: 59%

MATE Transporters Facilitate Vacuolar Uptake of Epicatechin 3′-O-Glucoside for Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis inMedicago truncatulaandArabidopsis

2009

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Expression of the Arabidopsis thaliana MYB transcription factor TRANSPARENT TESTA 2 (TT2) in Medicago trunculata hairy roots induces both proanthocyanidin accumulation and the ATP-dependent vacuolar/vesicular uptake of epicatechin 3′-O-glucoside; neither process is active in control roots that do, however, possess anthocyanidin 3-O-glucoside vacuolar uptake activity. A vacuolar membrane-localized multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporter, Medicago MATE1, was identified at the molecular level and shown to preferentially transport epicatechin 3′-O-glucoside. Genetic evidence has implicated TT12, a tonoplastic MATE transporter from Arabidopsis, in the transport of precursors for proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in the seed coat. However, although Arabidopsis TT12 facilitates the transport of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside into membrane vesicles when expressed in yeast, there is no evidence that cyanidin 3-O-glucoside is converted to proanthocyanidins after transport into the vacuole. Here, we show that Arabidopsis TT12, like Medicago MATE1, functions to transport epicatechin 3′-O-glucoside as a precursor for proanthocyanidin biosynthesis, and Medicago MATE1 complements the seed proanthocyanidin phenotype of the Arabidopsis tt12 mutant both quantitatively and qualitatively. On the basis of biochemical properties, tissue-specific expression pattern, and genetic loss-of-function analysis, we conclude that MATE1 is an essential membrane transporter for proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in the Medicago seed coat. Implications of these findings for the assembly of oligomeric proanthocyanidins are discussed.

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Section: Unresolved Questions Concerning Pa Monomer Transportcontrasting

confidence: 59%

MATE Transporters Facilitate Vacuolar Uptake of Epicatechin 3′-O-Glucoside for Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis inMedicago truncatulaandArabidopsis

2009

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“…Our understanding of the subcellular distribution, transport, and storage of flavonoids is still in its infancy (Grotewold, 2004, Yazaki, 2005Zhao and Dixon, 2010). This lack of knowledge limits our understanding of most cellular and subcellular processes involving flavonoids, the physiological roles of these compounds in plants, and our ability to engineer flavonoid accumulation for the improvement of agronomic traits or nutritional value.…”

Section: Discussion Substrate Preferences For Flavonoid Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

MATE2 Mediates Vacuolar Sequestration of Flavonoid Glycosides and Glycoside Malonates inMedicago truncatula

et al. 2011

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The majority of flavonoids, such as anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, and isoflavones, are stored in the central vacuole, but the molecular basis of flavonoid transport is still poorly understood. Here, we report the functional characterization of a multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter (MATE2), from Medicago truncatula. MATE 2 is expressed primarily in leaves and flowers. Despite its high similarity to the epicatechin 39-O-glucoside transporter MATE1, MATE2 cannot efficiently transport proanthocyanidin precursors. In contrast, MATE2 shows higher transport capacity for anthocyanins and lower efficiency for other flavonoid glycosides. Three malonyltransferases that are coexpressed with MATE2 were identified. The malonylated flavonoid glucosides generated by these malonyltransferases are more efficiently taken up into MATE2-containing membrane vesicles than are the parent glycosides. Malonylation increases both the affinity and transport efficiency of flavonoid glucosides for uptake by MATE2. Genetic loss of MATE2 function leads to the disappearance of leaf anthocyanin pigmentation and pale flower color as a result of drastic decreases in the levels of various flavonoids. However, some flavonoid glycoside malonates accumulate to higher levels in MATE2 knockouts than in wild-type controls. Deletion of MATE2 increases seed proanthocyanidin biosynthesis, presumably via redirection of metabolic flux from anthocyanin storage.

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“…Despite progress in the understanding of genetic lesions in Arabidopsis tt mutants (10)(11)(12)(13)25), there are still gaps in the understanding of PA biosynthesis, transport, and assembly (9,26,27). There are two rationales for developing M. truncatula as a model for understanding PA biosynthesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A transcript profiling approach reveals an epicatechin-specific glucosyltransferase expressed in the seed coat of Medicago truncatula

Pang

Peel

Sharma

et al. 2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

178

208

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Expression of the Arabidopsis TRANSPARENT TESTA 2 (TT2) MYB family transcription factor leads to massive accumulation of proanthocyanidins (PAs) in hairy roots of Medicago truncatula. Microarray analysis showed that TT2 induces genes for flavonoid/PA biosynthesis, transcription factors, and a large number of genes of unknown function. A second microarray dataset identified genes that were preferentially expressed in the M. truncatula seed coat. Comparison of the two datasets defines target genes for steps that are yet unidentified in PA biosynthesis and accumulation. Of these genes, a glycosyltransferase, UGT72L1, was active specifically toward the PA precursor (؊)؊epicatechin, and its expression pattern in developing seeds correlated with the presence of epicatechin glucoside and accumulation of PAs. UGT72L1 may be involved in the production of epicatechin 3 -O-glucoside in the seed coat as a key step in PA biosynthesis or its regulation.glucosyltransferase ͉ model legume ͉ proanthocyanidin

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The challenges of moving chemicals within and out of cells: insights into the transport of plant natural products

Cited by 103 publications

References 29 publications

MATE Transporters Facilitate Vacuolar Uptake of Epicatechin 3′-O-Glucoside for Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis inMedicago truncatulaandArabidopsis

MATE Transporters Facilitate Vacuolar Uptake of Epicatechin 3′-O-Glucoside for Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis inMedicago truncatulaandArabidopsis

MATE2 Mediates Vacuolar Sequestration of Flavonoid Glycosides and Glycoside Malonates inMedicago truncatula

A transcript profiling approach reveals an epicatechin-specific glucosyltransferase expressed in the seed coat of Medicago truncatula

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