“…Managerial approaches such as strategic planning, management by objectives, performance appraisals, decentralised budgeting, fewer levels of decision-making, flatter administrative structures, executive dashboards, and outsourcing have been introduced into universities (Barnett, 2005;du Toit, 2000;Rinne, 2009). As a result, universities have seen an increasing emphasis on accountability, performance management, productivity, commitment, risk management, quality assurance, and professional standards (Baird, 2010;Grummell, Devine, & Lynch, 2009;Ntshoe, Higgs, Higgs, & Wolhute, 2008). Managerialism changed universities from 'communities of scholars' into 'workplaces', and many academics feel that universities have lost their unique culture (Deem, Hillyard, & Reed, 2007).…”