The Changing Image of Mycoplasmas: From Innocent Bystanders to Emerging and Reemerging Pathogens in Human and Animal Diseases

Rosengarten, Renate; Citti, Christine; Much, Peter; Spergser, Joachim; Droesse, Martina; Hewicker‐Trautwein, M.

doi:10.1159/000060409

Cited by 23 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…1,60 Emerging diseases associated with mycoplasmas have been reported with increasing frequency and can present a risk to wildlife species, especially during conditions of stress, such as those that occur during release from captivity into new habitats, translocation, and human encroachment into shrinking habitats. 45 Much like members of the Pasteurellaceae, many Mycoplasma spp. reside as commensals on the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract of asymptomatic animals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microorganisms Associated With a Pneumonic Epizootic in Rocky Mountain Bighorn Sheep (Ovis Canadensis Canadensis)

Rudolph¹,

Hunter²,

Rimler³

et al. 2007

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

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A comprehensive study of a pneumonic epizootic was initiated when the first signs of disease were noted in a metapopulation of bighorn sheep inhabiting Hells Canyon, bordering Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. A total of 92 bighorn sheep were tested for etiologic agents during the following 6-mo study period. The study population included bighorn sheep believed to be the subpopulation in which disease was first noted, and these sheep were translocated to a holding facility in an effort to contain the disease (group A1, n = 72); bighorn sheep in other subpopulations (group A2) with evidence of clinical disease were captured, sampled, given antibiotics, and released (n = 8) and those that were found dead were necropsied (n = 12). Samples, including oropharyngeal and nasal swabs, and lung and liver tissue were collected from the bighorn sheep identified above. Tissue was collected at necropsy from 60 group A1 bighorn sheep that died following translocation, and samples were cultured for bacteria and viruses. Blood samples were tested for antibodies against known respiratory viruses, and histopathology was conducted on tissue samples. The major cause of death in both group A1 and group A2 bighorn sheep was a rapidly developing fibrinous bronchopneumonia. Multiple biovariants of Pasteurella were isolated from oropharyngeal and nasal samples from both groups, and Mycoplasma ovipneumonia was isolated from five group A1 oropharyngeal samples. Organisms isolated from lung tissue included Pasteurella multocida multocida a and Pasteurella trehalosi, both of which differentiated into multiple strains by restriction enzyme analysis, and parainfluenza-3 virus (PI-3). Paired serum samples revealed > fourfold increases in titers against PI-3 and bovine respiratory syncytial viruses. It was concluded that this epizootic resulted from a complex of factors including multiple potential respiratory pathogens, none of which were identified as a primary pathogen, and possible stress factors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microorganisms Associated With a Pneumonic Epizootic in Rocky Mountain Bighorn Sheep (Ovis Canadensis Canadensis)

Rudolph¹,

Hunter²,

Rimler³

et al. 2007

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

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“…Due to these particularities, members of the Mycoplasma genus have often been portrayed as "minimal self-replicating organisms." Despite this apparent simplicity, a large number of mycoplasma species are successful pathogens of humans and a wide range of animals, in which they are known to cause diseases that are often chronic and debilitating (1,33). The surface of their single membrane is considered a key interface in mediating adaptation and survival in the context of a complex, immunocompetent host (10,13,34,40).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence, Plasticity, and Evolution of the vpma Gene Family, a Genetic System Devoted to High-Frequency Surface Variation in Mycoplasma agalactiae

et al. 2009

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Mycoplasma agalactiae, an important pathogen of small ruminants, exhibits a very versatile surface architecture by switching multiple, related lipoproteins (Vpmas) on and off. In the type strain, PG2, Vpma phase variation is generated by a cluster of six vpma genes that undergo frequent DNA rearrangements via sitespecific recombination. To further comprehend the degree of diversity that can be generated at the M. agalactiae surface, the vpma gene repertoire of a field strain, 5632, was analyzed and shown to contain an extended repertoire of 23 vpma genes distributed between two loci located 250 kbp apart. Loci I and II include 16 and 7 vpma genes, respectively, with all vpma genes of locus II being duplicated at locus I. Several Vpmas displayed a chimeric structure suggestive of homologous recombination, and a global proteomic analysis further indicated that at least 13 of the 16 Vpmas can be expressed by the 5632 strain. Because a single promoter is present in each vpma locus, concomitant Vpma expression can occur in a strain with duplicated loci. Consequently, the number of possible surface combinations is much higher for strain 5632 than for the type strain. Finally, our data suggested that insertion sequences are likely to be involved in 5632 vpma locus duplication at a remote chromosomal position. The role of such mobile genetic elements in chromosomal shuffling of genes encoding major surface components may have important evolutionary and epidemiological consequences for pathogens, such as mycoplasmas, that have a reduced genome and no cell wall.

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“…Recently, Mycoplasma has been accepted an important emerging and reemerging pathogen in human and animal diseases (Rosengarten et al, 2001). There are many questions to be answered concerning Mycoplasma infection in human and animals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Mycoplasma felis from the kenneled cats with pneumonia

Hong¹,

Lee²,

Kim³

et al. 2015

Korean Journal of Veterinary Service

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Two cats were obtained from a cat kennel. Over the previous 7 days, the cats had shown cough, anorexia, depression and nasal discharge. In this study, the consensus PCR was able to detect successfully Mycoplasma species in nasal swab samples of the cats. To identify feline mycoplasma species from the lung tissue of the cats with pneumonia, Mycoplasma species-specific PCR reactions were conducted. As the results, we could identify M. felis by the positive amplified DNAs. On the other hand, we could not detect any positive reactions with the PCR reaction for M. arginini, M. canis, M. edwardii, M. cynos, M. gateae, M. maculosum, M. molared, M. opalescens, M. spumans and Mycoplasma HRC-689.In conclusion, we detected M. felis from the kenneled cats with pneumonia. We suggested that this consensus PCR would be useful and effective for monitoring Mycoplasma species in various kinds of animals including cats. The application of preceding consensus PCR before the species-specific PCRs may be the most recommended strategy for the identification of Mycoplasma spp.

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The Changing Image of Mycoplasmas: From Innocent Bystanders to Emerging and Reemerging Pathogens in Human and Animal Diseases

Cited by 23 publications

References 31 publications

Microorganisms Associated With a Pneumonic Epizootic in Rocky Mountain Bighorn Sheep (Ovis Canadensis Canadensis)

Microorganisms Associated With a Pneumonic Epizootic in Rocky Mountain Bighorn Sheep (Ovis Canadensis Canadensis)

Occurrence, Plasticity, and Evolution of the vpma Gene Family, a Genetic System Devoted to High-Frequency Surface Variation in Mycoplasma agalactiae

Detection of Mycoplasma felis from the kenneled cats with pneumonia

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