2007
DOI: 10.1162/jie.2007.1107
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The Changing Metabolism of Cities

Abstract: Data from urban metabolism studies from eight metropolitan regions across five continents, conducted in various years since 1965, are assembled in consistent units and compared. Together with studies of water, materials, energy, and nutrient flows from additional cities, the comparison provides insights into the changing metabolism of cities. Most cities studied exhibit increasing per capita metabolism with respect to water, wastewater, energy, and materials, although one city showed increasing efficiency for … Show more

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Cited by 1,023 publications
(417 citation statements)
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References 34 publications
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“…As the governance and management of urban areas (cities and metropolitan regions) becomes increasingly sophisticated, new urban metrics will be required. These include measures of urban competitiveness (Duffy, 1995;Llewelyn-Davies et al, 2004), gross metropolitan product (Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2009), urban greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Harvey, 1993, Kates et al 1998, Satterthwaite 2008, Dodman, 2009, material flows (Kennedy et al, 2007) and vulnerability to climate change (Rosenzweig et al, 2009). Such measures will also inform assessment of risks that may be used to guide investment in cities.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As the governance and management of urban areas (cities and metropolitan regions) becomes increasingly sophisticated, new urban metrics will be required. These include measures of urban competitiveness (Duffy, 1995;Llewelyn-Davies et al, 2004), gross metropolitan product (Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2009), urban greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Harvey, 1993, Kates et al 1998, Satterthwaite 2008, Dodman, 2009, material flows (Kennedy et al, 2007) and vulnerability to climate change (Rosenzweig et al, 2009). Such measures will also inform assessment of risks that may be used to guide investment in cities.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As an evaluation approach it has been used to quantify a 79 range of resource flows into, out of, and through urban areas, most commonly energy, materials, 80 greenhouse gases, nutrients, etc. (Daniels and Moore 2001, Kennedy et al 2007, Wolman 1965. 81 We focus on the less-explored water-related resource flows, employing the mass-balance 82 technique to account for direct urban water flows, as well as water-related energy.…”
Section: A C C E P T E D Accepted Manuscriptmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Applications of urban water metabolism evaluation to date have mostly examined and compared 101 potable water use among cities and over time (Kennedy et al 2007, Kennedy et al 2015), to 102 highlight the underutilization of available water sources (Kenway et al 2011a), or quantify the 103 degree to which urbanisation influences natural hydrological flows (Haase 2009). We extend its 104 use to evaluating water servicing options.…”
Section: A C C E P T E D Accepted Manuscriptmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Since the 1970s there has been much work on urban metabolism, all of it indicating progressive increase in the intensity of resource and energy use and waste production (Kennedy et al, 2007).…”
Section: Technometabolic Outputsmentioning
confidence: 99%