The Changing Psychology of Culture From 1800 Through 2000

Greenfield, Patricia M.

doi:10.1177/0956797613479387

Cited by 302 publications

(421 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Research has shown that socioeconomic development predicts various indicators of individualism, independence and autonomy, both contemporaneously across nations and historically within nations (Greenfield, 2013;Greenfield, Maynard, & Childs, 2003;Grossmann & Varnum, 2015;Hofstede, 2001;Inglehart & Baker, 2000;H. Park, Twenge, & Greenfield, 2014).…”

Section: Study 2d: Models Of Selfhood In Ecocultural Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond the ‘east–west’ dichotomy: Global variation in cultural models of selfhood.

Vignoles¹,

Owe²,

Becker³

et al. 2016

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

432

375

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Copyright and reuse:Sussex Research Online is a digital repository of the research output of the University.Copyright and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable, the material made available in SRO has been checked for eligibility before being made available.Copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way.Article accepted for publication in Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xge0000175 © American Psychological Association (APA) This article may not exactly replicate the authoritative document published in the APA journal. It is not the copy of record. contrast between independence and interdependence does not adequately capture the diverse models of selfhood that prevail in different world regions. Cultural groups emphasize different ways of being both independent and interdependent, depending on individualism-collectivism, national socioeconomic development, and religious heritage. Our seven-dimensional model will allow future researchers to test more accurately the implications of cultural models of selfhood for psychological processes in diverse ecocultural contexts.Keywords: CULTURE; SELF-CONSTRUALS; INDEPENDENCE-INTERDEPENDENCE Twenty-five years ago, Markus and Kitayama (1991) published their classic article on culture and the self, proposing that people in different parts of the world tend to construe themselves in two fundamentally different ways. They argued that Western cultures are unusual in promoting an independent view of the self as bounded, unitary, stable, and separate from the social context, whereas cultures in other parts of the world emphasize an interdependent view of the self as closely connected to others, fluid, and contextually embedded. They proposed that people with independent self-construals would strive for self-expression, uniqueness, and self-actualization, basing their actions on personal thoughts, feelings, and goals. In contrast, people with interdependent self-construals would strive to fit in and maintain social harmony, basing their actions on situationally defined norms and expectations.Markus and Kitayama's (1991) proposals had a dramatic impact on social, personality and developmental psychology, challenging ethnocentric assumptions, drawing attention to cultural diversity, and providing conceptual tools for theorizing about it. Social and personality psychologists used measures and manipulations of self-construals to predict numerous outcomes: cognitive styles, well-being, self-regulation, selfesteem, communication styles, social anxiety, and pro...

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Section: Study 2d: Models Of Selfhood In Ecocultural Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond the ‘east–west’ dichotomy: Global variation in cultural models of selfhood.

Vignoles¹,

Owe²,

Becker³

et al. 2016

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

432

375

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This is not the first paper to draw on the Google Books N-Gram Corpus. Since the seminal publication introducing this resource as well as the new concept of 'culturomics' [13], papers have been published that have analysed patterns of evolution of the usage of different words from a variety of perspectives, such as random fractal theory [14], Zipf's and Heaps' laws and their generalization to two-scaling regimes [15], the evolution of self-organization of word frequencies over time in written English [16], statistical properties of word growth [17,18], socio-historical determinants of word length dynamics [19]; and other studies have been more specifically aimed at issues such as the sociology of changing values resulting from urbanization [20] or changing concepts of happiness [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Universals versus historical contingencies in lexical evolution

Bochkarev

Solovyev

Wichmann

2014

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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The frequency with which we use different words changes all the time, and every so often, a new lexical item is invented or another one ceases to be used. Beyond a small sample of lexical items whose properties are well studied, little is known about the dynamics of lexical evolution. How do the lexical inventories of languages, viewed as entire systems, evolve? Is the rate of evolution of the lexicon contingent upon historical factors or is it driven by regularities, perhaps to do with universals of cognition and social interaction? We address these questions using the Google Books N-Gram Corpus as a source of data and relative entropy as a measure of changes in the frequency distributions of words. It turns out that there are both universals and historical contingencies at work. Across several languages, we observe similar rates of change, but only at timescales of at least around five decades. At shorter timescales, the rate of change is highly variable and differs between languages. Major societal transformations as well as catastrophic events such as wars lead to increased change in frequency distributions, whereas stability in society has a dampening effect on lexical evolution.

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“…The initial studies carried out on this large database have allowed scholars to address unprecedented questions about language usage. In particular, for the first time it was possible to study quantitatively aspects of cultural change as reflected in language (Michel et al, 2011;Greenfield, 2013), and rigorously assess overall vocabulary drift over the time span of two centuries (Bochkarev et al, 2014). Moreover, methods inspired in statistical mechanics of complex systems were used to study the dynamics of word birth and death (Petersen et al, 2012a), long-range fractal correlations in word frequencies over centuries (Gao et al, 2012), and the scaling behaviour of word frequencies over time as represented by Zipf's (1949) and Heaps' (1978) laws (Petersen et al, 2012b;Gerlach and Altmann, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coherent oscillations in word-use data from 1700 to 2008

Montemurro

Zanette

2016

Palgrave Commun

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In written language, the choice of specific words is constrained by both grammatical requirements and the specific semantic context of the message to be transmitted. To a significant degree, the semantic context is in turn affected by a broad cultural and historical environment, which also influences matters of style and manners. Over time, those environmental factors leave an imprint in the statistics of language use, with some words becoming more common and other words being preferred less. Here we characterize the patterns of language use over time based on word statistics extracted from more than 4.5 million books written over a period of 308 years. We find evidence of novel systematic oscillatory patterns in word use with a consistent period narrowly distributed around 14 years. The specific phase relationships between different words show structure at two independent levels: first, there is a weak global phase modulation that is primarily linked to overall shifts in the vocabulary across time; and second, a stronger component dependent on well defined semantic relationships between words. In particular, complex network analysis reveals that semantically related words show strong phase coherence. Ultimately, these previously unknown patterns in the statistics of language may be a consequence of changes in the cultural framework that influences the thematic focus of writers.

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The Changing Psychology of Culture From 1800 Through 2000

Cited by 302 publications

References 28 publications

Beyond the ‘east–west’ dichotomy: Global variation in cultural models of selfhood.

Beyond the ‘east–west’ dichotomy: Global variation in cultural models of selfhood.

Universals versus historical contingencies in lexical evolution

Coherent oscillations in word-use data from 1700 to 2008

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