The Characteristics and Survival Potential Under Sub-lethal Stress of Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells Isolated from the Human Vascular Wall

Abstract

Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells (MSCs) have been identified in multiple human tissues, including the vascular wall. High proliferative potential, multilineage and immunomodulatory properties make vascular MSCs promising candidates for regenerative medicine. Indeed, their location is strategic for controlling vascular and extra-vascular tissue homeostasis. However, the clinical application of MSCs, and in particular vascular MSCs, is still challenging. Current studies are focused on developing strategies to improve MSC therapeutic applications, like priming MSCs with stress conditions (hypoxia, nutrient deprivation) to achieve a higher therapeutic potential. The goal of the present study is to review the main findings regarding the MSCs isolated from the human vascular wall. Further, the main priming strategies tested on MSCs from different sources are reported, together with the experience on vascular MSCs isolated from healthy cryopreserved and pathological arteries. Stress induction can be a priming approach able to improve MSC effectiveness through several mechanisms that are discussed in this review. Nevertheless, these issues have not been completely explored in vascular MSCs and potential side effects need to be investigated.

Heterogeneity and Differentiation of the Human Arterial Tree: Focus on microRNA Expression in Vascular Disease

“…Vascular stem cells critically affect arterial differentiation concerning structural/functional heterogeneity and disease-pathogenic features. A broad range of evidence supports the existence of a vasculogenic niche, which is an adventitial reservoir of stem cells arising from bone marrow, circulation, and large and small blood vessels [ 17 ]. A noteworthy contribution is exerted by the adventitial mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), multipotent stem cells with the potential to differentiate into the adipogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic, and leyomiogenic lineages [ 18 , 19 ].…”

Osteoinductive and regenerative potential of premixed calcium‐silicate bioceramic sealers on vascular wall mesenchymal stem cells

“…The porcine model is considered the most suitable animal prototype in the development of stem cell-based therapy, regenerative medicine and transplantation (Ciavarella et al, 2022;Zaniboni et al, 2015), having close similarities to the human physiology and as being more ethically acceptable (Bharti et al, 2016;Zaniboni et al, 2014). Porcine VW-MSCs (pVW-MSCs) (Zaniboni et al, 2014) are able to differentiate not only into the three mesodermal lineages as MSCs isolated from different sources but also as endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells.…”