The characteristics of citric acid separation using electrodialysis with bipolar membranes

Renewable resources – green biorefinery: separation of valuable substances from fluid–fractions by means of membrane technology

“…2. 32,58 Fluid fractions obtained in green biorefi neries contain a considerable amount of minerals, as already mentioned in the introduction and shown in Table 1. In principle, these minerals could be converted into the corresponding mixtures of acids and bases by using EDB.…”

“…17,[31][32][33][34] In addition, it has been widely applied for the production of table salt, organic acids, sugar and whey demineralization, recovery of metal from mining-mill process water as well as for blood treatment and wine stabilization. [45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54] Th erefore this technology seems to be suitable for separating minerals and lactic acid from green press-juice.…”

Acid-salt conversion by means of electrodialysis: Application of the systematic approach to food engineering systems (SAFES) methodology

“…Tartrate ions are removed from the juice to avoid a latter formation of tartrate crystals when the temperature of the juice decreases. During the ionic exchange process, tartrate ions are substituted by chloride ions and large amounts of resin regeneration solutions are produced, which are commonly left unprocessed and contain between 1 and 10 kg m À3 of tartaric acid equivalents (Novalic, Okwor, & Kulbe, 1996).…”

Ion-exchange membranes in chemical synthesis – a review

“…However, BMED is the most widely used membrane technique for this purpose, and some pilot and commercial industrial plants are currently under operation worldwide, mostly to recover acids from fermentation broths [18,159]. BMED was also demonstrated to be effective in recovery of lactic acid [160][161][162][163][164][165][166], citric acid [167][168][169][170][171][172]191], fumaric acid [173] from fermentation broth, but also in salts conversion in the following acids: formic acid [174,175], acetic acid [176,177], gluconic acid [172,192], p-toluenesulfonic acid [178], salicylic acid [179], ascorbic acid [180,181], lactobionic acid [182], aminoacids [183] and morpholine [184]. The above processes encounter typical obstacles characteristic of BMED: proton and hydroxyl leakage through monopolar IEMs, and ion leakage through BPM.…”