The characterization and chemical reactivity of powdered wool

Application of anisotropic silver nanoparticles: Multifunctionalization of wool fabric

“…The pH value played an important role in the coloration process because the surface properties of wool fiber are varied with different pH values. In an early study [61], the wool fibers were milled into a fine powder ($5 lm).…”

Wool micro powder as a metal ion exchanger for the removal of copper and zinc

“…Many researchers have tried to produce wool powder by different methods, such as regeneration from keratin solution, mechanical attrition, and chemicalmechanical techniques [21][22][23][24]. Recent studies showed improvement in wool surface reactivity by converting fibers into fine powder [25][26][27]. For example, the dye uptake of wool powder was found very high compared with wool fiber or activated charcoal under the same condition.…”

Novel heterogeneous photocatalysts prepared with waste wool and Fe3+ or Cu2+ ions for degradation of CI Reactive Red 195: a comparative study

“…The concentrations at equilibrium of Fe 3+ or Cu 2+ ions in solution (C Fe,eq or C Cu, ep ) were then measured to calculate the Q Fe or Q Cu values of the obtained Fe-wool or Cu-wool complex, and the results are listed in Table 1. This is because wool fibre is a very reactive protein material containing abundant reactive groups including side chains of amino acid residues, disulphide crosslinks, and peptide bonds, which are regarded as ligand sites for reaction with metal ions [31]. This is because wool fibre is a very reactive protein material containing abundant reactive groups including side chains of amino acid residues, disulphide crosslinks, and peptide bonds, which are regarded as ligand sites for reaction with metal ions [31].…”

“…Figure 2 shows that Q Fe and Q Cu values of the obtained complexes gradually increased with reaction time at a given temperature. This is because the cuticles on the wool fibre surface serve as barriers to the penetration of metal ions [31], and rising temperature could enhance the swelling of cuticles, thus increasing the penetration and wetting of the metal ion aqueous solution into the wool fibre. This indicated that a higher temperature could benefit the immobilisation of the two metal ions on the wool surface and produce metal-wool complexes with high Q Fe or Q Cu values.…”

“…It is estimated that the annual production of waste wool in the wool spinning industry is about 100 000 t. Dumped waste wool leads to environmental pollution because the large number of cystine residues which contains degrade with difficulty in natural conditions. This is because wool fibre as an abundant natural biomass contains a great number of functional groups, such as -OH, -NH 2 , and -COOH, and this natural biomass is able to react chemically with different metal ions [31]. Thus, waste wool must be landfilled because of the higher treatment costs of waste disposal [27,28].…”