The Chemical Composition of Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch and Its Desirable Effects on Hyperglycemia, Inflammatory Mediators and Hypercholesterolemia as Risk Factors for Cardiometabolic Disease

Abstract

This study was done to identify the content compounds of Achillea wilhelmsii (A. wilhelmsii) and to evaluate its hypoglycemic and anti-hypercholesterolemic activity and effect on inflammatory mediators. The extracts and fractions of A. wilhelmsii were thoroughly analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the total content of phenols and flavonoids was determined. The hypoglycemic activity was evaluated in vivo using alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The effect upon inflammatory mediators was evaluated in vitro using the human monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1). The anti-hypercholesterolemic activity was evaluated in vitro using the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase assay kit. The water extract (WE)-treated group showed the highest reduction in the fasting blood glucose levels (FBGL). The chloroform fraction (CF) and ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) both showed a significant ability to reduce the secretion of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). The EAF, however, also attenuated the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). The CF showed the most significant 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) inhibition activity. The five main compounds in the CF were isolated and identified. Out of the five compounds in the CF, 1β,10β-epoxydesacetoxymatricarin (CP1) and leucodin (CP2) showed the highest anti-hypercholesterolemic potential. A molecular docking study provided corresponding results.

The Effects of Essential Oils and Terpenes in Relation to Their Routes of Intake and Application

“…Achillea Luteolin, apigenin, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, leucodin, 1β-epoxydesacetoxymatricarin, 10β-epoxydesacetoxymatricarin, 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxychromen-4-one, 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5,6,7-dimethoxychromen-4-one, salvigenin [95] Acorus gramineus Grass-leaf sweet flag Cananga odorata Ylang-ylang p-methylanisole, methyl benzoate, benzyl benzoate, benzyl acetate, geranyl acetate, cinnamyl acetate, (E,E)-farnesyl acetate, linalool, geraniol, benzyl salicylate, germacrene D, β-caryophyllene, gamma-muurolene, (E,E)-farnesyl acetate [120] Linalool, germacrene D, benzyl acetate, p-cresyl methyl ether, (E,E)-α-farnesene, geranyl acetate, methyl benzoate, β-caryophyllene [6] Cinnamomum verum Cinnamon Eugenol (17.32%), Benzyl benzoate (0.22%), (E)-Cinnamyl alcohol (0.09%), eugenyl acetate (1.29%), (E)-cinnamyl acetate (11.78%), (Z)-cinnamyl acetate (0.01%), (E)-cinnamaldehyde (33.04%), safrole (0.01%), geraniol (0.05%), piperitone (0.16%), α-terpineol (0.61%), terpinen-4-ol (0.13%), linalyl acetate (2.25%), linalool (16.85%), p-cymene (0.92%), transβ-ocimene (0.05%), cis-β-ocimene (0.03%), 1,8-coneole (0.46%), limonene (0.41%), α-terminene (0.09%), myrcene (1.17%), sabinene (0.06%), β-pinene (0.19%), camphene (0.09%) [172] Citrus aurantium, L.…”

Oral acute and sub-acute toxic effects of hydroalcoholicTerminalia chebulaRetz andAchillea wilhelmsiiextracts in BALB/c mice

“…Based on studies, the anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant effects of A. wilhelmsii have been proven. In addition, this plant can lower cholesterol and glucose levels [21][22][23][24][25][26].…”

Therapeutic effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats: a proteomic and metabolomic approach

“…("C": control group, "I": rats with indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer, "I + AW": ulcerated rats treated with AW extract). Values are shown as mean ± SE swertisin, 1β,10β-epoxydesacetoxymatricarin, leucodin, 5demethylsinensetin and salvigenin [26]. According to Nekoei and Mohammadhosseini, the main components of AW aerial parts include 1,8-cineole, nerolidol, α-pinene, camphor, caryophyllene oxide, α-terpineol, linalool, camphene, p-cymene and limonene [27].…”

“…Plant extracts are potential sources of new therapeutic agents and several drugs have also been introduced for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders [8,9]. Achillea, a genus belonging to the Asteraceae family, embraces more than 100 species worldwide [10]. Achillea wilhelmsii (AW) widely grows in various parts of Iran, especially in the central and western areas [11].…”