The Chemical Potential of Phenol in Solutions containing Salts, and the Toxicity of these Substances towards Anthrax and Staphylococcus

The increase in lethal action of some fungicides to the spores of species of Phytophthora due to changes in chemical potential

“…This salt was used by Raber (43) in his studies on the toxicity of sodium chlor ide to Laminaria, He found that the toxicity of sodium chlor ide to Laminaria increased considerably on the addition of this salt and even when it was added to sodium bromide and sodium iodide, sodium citrate increased their lethal action. Laird (29) did not use soditmi citrate in his phenol-salt solution studies so tliat the effect of this salt on phenol toward bac teria is not known. 'JSiese studies have revealed that it ranks as the best salt among those used, in improving the toxicity of copper and mercury salts.…”

“…Sodium nitrate which failed to increase the lethal action of the copper and mercury salts and the aldehydes stands in tiie same category as does sodium benzoate in the case of copper salts and phenol. Laird (29) observed that when sodium nitrate was added to phenol, it increased the lethal action of phenol to a certain degree but Hawkins (25) has shown that the nitrates of sodiiim, potassium, and calciim reduce toxicity of the copper and mercury salts. Tliere is possibly some antagonistic action playing a part here, as suggested by him.…”

“…Experimental data obtained by Miller (40) and Laird (29) I show that the ad ition of sodium chloride to aqueous solutions ! of phenol increased the tendency for the phenol to diffuse into a layer of toluene or k-srosene.…”