The Chemical Structure of an Antitumor Polysaccharide in Fruit Bodies of &lt;I&gt;Grifola frondosa&lt;/I&gt; (Maitake)

Nanba, Hiroaki; Hamaguchi, Atsuko; Kuroda, Hisatora

doi:10.1248/cpb.35.1162

Cited by 103 publications

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“…1), is a biological response modifier (BRM) like lentinan, which is found in Letinus edodes. [1][2][3] These polysaccharides enhance the activity of immunocompetent cells such as macrophages, helper T cells, and cytotoxic T cells, which attack tumor cells. These effects of BRMs led us to hypothesize that oral administration of D-Fraction would be an effective treatment for cancer patients.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of D-Fraction, a Polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa on Tumor Growth Involve Activation of NK Cells.

Kodama

Komuta

Sakai

et al. 2002

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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102

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We previously reported that the (1®3)-branched (1®6)-bglucan termed D-Fraction, extracted from the fruit body of the maitake mushroom (Grifola frondosa) ( Fig. 1), is a biological response modifier (BRM) like lentinan, which is found in Letinus edodes. [1][2][3] These polysaccharides enhance the activity of immunocompetent cells such as macrophages, helper T cells, and cytotoxic T cells, which attack tumor cells. These effects of BRMs led us to hypothesize that oral administration of D-Fraction would be an effective treatment for cancer patients. Orally administered D-Fraction was shown to reduce tumor size in mice, without causing unwanted side effects.2) Therefore, D-Fraction has been commercialized as a health material, the safety of which has been confirmed by the Consumer Product Testing Co. (New Jersey, U.S.A.) We have already tried a non-randomized clinical trial of D-Fraction therapy for patients with lung and breast cancer in stages II-IV. 4) In this trial, we found that IL-2 production was enhanced in D-Fraction-treated patients, suggesting that macrophages and T cells were activated by DFraction. In addition, D-Fraction is revealed to be effective for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection 5) and listeriosis, 6) by reinforcing the immune system. These results indicate that one network of the immuno-response pathway by which D-Fraction enhances anti-tumor effects is dependent on an adaptive immunity associated with cytotoxic T cell activation.Natural killer (NK) cells rapidly recognize and lyse a large variety of tumor or virus-infected cells, without the need for either prior sensitization or MHC-dependent recognition, which is different from cytotoxic T cell. 7) Pham-Nguyen et al. have reported that the early NK cell response alone is not sufficient for tumor clearance, and that both T cells and NK cells are required in the development of the long-term survival in the hepatic tumor model by IL-12-mediated gene therapy. 8) In our clinical study, we also found that D-Fraction activated NK cells in lung, breast and liver carcinoma patients for long periods of time, exceeding one year (Table 1) MATERIALS AND METHODS MaterialsFor the detection of human NK activity, chromium-51 (Daiichi Kagaku Yakuhin Co., Tokyo) and lymphopacel (dϭ1.077) (IBL Co., U.S.A.) were prepared.Animals Male C3H/HeN mice (4-weeks-old) were obtained (Japan Crea Co., Osaka) and were raised for one week before being used for experiments. Food and water were given freely to these mice until used for experiments.Cells MM-46 carcinoma cells were kindly donated by Dr. Kanki Komiyama. 51Cr labeled K-562 cells were used as target cells of human NK.Preparation of D-Fraction D-Fraction was prepared from the dried powder of the fruit body of maitake mushrooms (Grifola frondosa) (Yukiguni Maitake Co., Niigata), according to the method described in our previous paper. 6)The level of LPS contained in D-Fraction was determined by using Endospecy ES-20S Set (Seikagaku Industry Co., Tokyo), and the ratio (%) of LPS in D-Fraction was less than...

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confidence: 99%

Effects of D-Fraction, a Polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa on Tumor Growth Involve Activation of NK Cells.

Kodama

Komuta

Sakai

et al. 2002

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

Self Cite

102

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“…Dosage of D-Fraction MM-46 carcinoma cells (2ϫ10 6 ) were implanted in 8 male mice of the C3H/HeN strain (5 weeks old) in the right axillary region. After 24 h, the DFraction (5 mg · kg Ϫ1 · d…”

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confidence: 99%

“…[6][7][8] However, the mechanism by which cytokine, the humoral factor of the immunity, provokes tumorrejection during the anti-tumor action of D-Fraction, remained to be investigated. In this study, we investigated the change in the proportion of Th-1/Th-2 cells when maitake mushroom D-Fraction expresses its anti-tumor effects, and also how the cytokines are involved in the mechanism.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effect of Maitake (Grifola frondosa) D-Fraction on the Control of the T Lymph Node Th-1/Th-2 Proportion.

Inoue

Kodama

Nanba

2002

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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116

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“…Maitake has potential benefit for the treatment of various malignancies, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, and hepatitis B infection. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] Maitake's antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (AIDS) was also confirmed by the US National Cancer Institute in 1992. 9 Maitake PETfraction is the standardized essence extracted from the fruit body of the Maitake mushroom and is classified as a biological response modifier.…”

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Mushroom-derived Maitake Petfraction as Single Agent for the Treatment of Lymphoma in Dogs

et al. 2007

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Background: Maitake PETfraction is a standardized essence extracted from the mushroom Maitake (Grifola frondosa) that has antitumor activity in tumor-bearing mice. In addition, PETfraction induces apoptosis in human prostate and bladder cancer cells and suppresses the proliferation in vitro of several canine tumor cell lines, such as lymphoma (Cl-1), mammary gland (CF33), and connective tissue (CF21).Hypothesis: Maitake PETfraction is effective as a single agent in dogs with lymphoma. Animals: Fifteen dogs with confirmed intermediate or high-grade lymphoma were enrolled into this prospective, noncontrolled, clinical trial. Inclusion criteria were an expected survival time of at least 2 weeks and no major organ dysfunction.Methods: Maitake PETfraction was administered at a dose of 3 drops/kg/day divided into 2 doses given 1 hour before feeding. Dogs were evaluated by physical examination with tumor measurement, body weight, CBC, and chemistry profile before treatment and after 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. At each visit, owners completed a questionnaire addressing overall quality of life, appetite, and any adverse effects noted.Results: A decrease in lymph node size of greater than 50% (objective response) was not seen in any of the dogs. Thirteen dogs developed progressive disease before the 4th week. The median treatment duration was 27 days (range, 9-228). PETfraction was well accepted, and minimal adverse effects were observed. Two dogs developed hyphema. It was not known if this was related to progressive lymphoma or was an adverse effect of treatment.Conclusions: No objective responses were observed to administration of Maitake PETfraction, and the drug was well tolerated in these dogs.

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The Chemical Structure of an Antitumor Polysaccharide in Fruit Bodies of <I>Grifola frondosa</I> (Maitake)

Cited by 103 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of D-Fraction, a Polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa on Tumor Growth Involve Activation of NK Cells.

Effects of D-Fraction, a Polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa on Tumor Growth Involve Activation of NK Cells.

Effect of Maitake (Grifola frondosa) D-Fraction on the Control of the T Lymph Node Th-1/Th-2 Proportion.

Mushroom-derived Maitake Petfraction as Single Agent for the Treatment of Lymphoma in Dogs

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