The chemistry of gaseous acids in medieval churches in Cyprus

Loupa, Glykeria; Charpantidou, E.; Karageorgos, Evangelos; Rapsomanikis, S.

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.08.035

Cited by 17 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…However, the role of water suggests that this chemistry will continue to higher RH. When gaseous HCl is present as well as oxides of nitrogen, e.g., in coastal areas and downwind of certain industrial settings, incineration facilities (5), biomass burning (55), in buildings such as medieval churches and in volcanic plumes (2,5), it will be converted to ClNO and ClNO 2 . ClNO absorbs light well into the visible region (Fig.…”

Section: Nomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1B [2] and [5] when the relative humidity is Ͼ5% (3 ϫ 10 16 molecules cm Ϫ3 ). Not only does the conversion of NO 2 to ClNO occur at relative humidities (RH) found in the atmosphere, but surprisingly, water actually enhances the reaction despite the possibility of competition from reaction [3].…”

Section: ]mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…G aseous HCl levels reaching concentrations of a few parts-perbillion (ppb) (vol:vol) have been measured in polluted air and in some indoor settings (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6). Direct emissions include garbage burning (7), incineration of municipal and medical wastes, burning of biomass, agricultural products and coal, and industrial processes, e.g., semiconductor and petroleum manufacturing (5).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Chlorine activation indoors and outdoors via surface-mediated reactions of nitrogen oxides with hydrogen chloride

Raff

Njegic

Chang

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

113

182

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Gaseous HCl generated from a variety of sources is ubiquitous in both outdoor and indoor air. Oxides of nitrogen (NO y ) are also globally distributed, because NO formed in combustion processes is oxidized to NO 2 , HNO 3 , N 2 O 5 and a variety of other nitrogen oxides during transport. Deposition of HCl and NO y onto surfaces is commonly regarded as providing permanent removal mechanisms. However, we show here a new surface-mediated coupling of nitrogen oxide and halogen activation cycles in which uptake of gaseous NO 2 or N 2 O 5 on solid substrates generates adsorbed intermediates that react with HCl to generate gaseous nitrosyl chloride (ClNO) and nitryl chloride (ClNO 2 ), respectively. These are potentially harmful gases that photolyze to form highly reactive chlorine atoms. The reactions are shown both experimentally and theoretically to be enhanced by water, a surprising result given the availability of competing hydrolysis reaction pathways. Airshed modeling incorporating HCl generated from sea salt shows that in coastal urban regions, this heterogeneous chemistry increases surface-level ozone, a criteria air pollutant, greenhouse gas and source of atmospheric oxidants. In addition, it may contribute to recently measured high levels of ClNO 2 in the polluted coastal marine boundary layer. This work also suggests the potential for chlorine atom chemistry to occur indoors where significant concentrations of oxides of nitrogen and HCl coexist.

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Section: Nomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ]mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chlorine activation indoors and outdoors via surface-mediated reactions of nitrogen oxides with hydrogen chloride

Raff

Njegic

Chang

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

113

182

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This chemistry may be important in a number of situations where both HCl and oxides of nitrogen are present, including urban coastal areas, downwind of incineration and biomass burning and of some industrial processes such as semiconductor manufacturing, as well as indoors. [324][325][326][327] Surface photochemistry of oxides of nitrogen to form HONO. There is a variety of evidence from both field and laboratory studies that HONO is generated from photochemistry of some as yet unidentified surface nitrogen oxide species.…”

Section: Heterogeneous Reactions Of Oxides Of Nitrogen On Airborne Dumentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactions at surfaces in the atmosphere: integration of experiments and theory as necessary (but not necessarily sufficient) for predicting the physical chemistry of aerosols

Finlayson-Pitts

2009

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

231

272

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“…The large variability of the indoor concentration and I/O of formic and acetic acids reflect multiple and unique indoor sources, which have been suggested to be direct emission from commercial building materials, such as wood-based products or latex paint, 10,12,15 and from indoor combustion, such as wood and candle burning, 13,14 or formation from indoor chemical reactions involving O 3 . 11,14,16 Carboxylic acids other than formic and acetic acid have not been measured indoors, in part because of the lack of reliable analytical methods. For example, highly polar carboxylic acids elute poorly on typical gas chromatography columns.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas-Phase Carboxylic Acids in a University Classroom: Abundance, Variability, and Sources

Liu

Thompson

Stark

et al. 2017

Environ. Sci. Technol.

100

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Gas-phase carboxylic acids are ubiquitous in ambient air, yet their indoor occurrence and abundance are poorly characterized. To fill this gap, we measured gas-phase carboxylic acids in real-time inside and outside of a university classroom using a high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer (HRToF-CIMS) equipped with an acetate ion source. A wide variety of carboxylic acids were identified indoors and outdoors, including monoacids, diacids, hydroxy acids, carbonyl acids, and aromatic acids. An empirical parametrization was derived to estimate the sensitivity (ion counts per ppt of the analytes) of the HRToF-CIMS to the acids. The campaign-average concentration of carboxylic acids measured outdoors was 1.0 ppb, with the peak concentration occurring in daytime. The average indoor concentration of carboxylic acids was 6.8 ppb, of which 87% was contributed by formic and lactic acid. While carboxylic acids measured outdoors displayed a single daytime peak, those measured indoors displayed a daytime and a nighttime peak. Besides indoor sources such as off-gassing of building materials, evidence for acid production from indoor chemical reactions with ozone was found. In addition, some carboxylic acids measured indoors correlated to CO in daytime, suggesting that human occupants may contribute to their abundance either through direct emissions or surface reactions.

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The chemistry of gaseous acids in medieval churches in Cyprus

Cited by 17 publications

References 60 publications

Chlorine activation indoors and outdoors via surface-mediated reactions of nitrogen oxides with hydrogen chloride

Chlorine activation indoors and outdoors via surface-mediated reactions of nitrogen oxides with hydrogen chloride

Reactions at surfaces in the atmosphere: integration of experiments and theory as necessary (but not necessarily sufficient) for predicting the physical chemistry of aerosols

Gas-Phase Carboxylic Acids in a University Classroom: Abundance, Variability, and Sources

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