The chemistry of minerals obtained from the combustion of Jordanian oil shale

The Effect of a Solvent System on the Yield and Fractional Composition of Bitumen Extracted From the El-lajjun and Sultani Oil Shale Deposits

“…The obtained results indicated that Sultani samples are richer in organic matter compared with that of the El-lajjun samples (Table 1). A scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis carried out in this study revealed the same facts as was also reported in our early works (AlHarahsheh et al, 2009;Al-Otoom et al, 2005), that the organic matter (bitumen and kerogen) is scattered and encapsulated mainly by spherical shells (ID <20 m) of calcite (Figures 1 and 2). This shell acts as a barrier preventing the penetration of solvent to the organic matter and decreasing the mass and heat transfer coefficients.…”

Synthesis of low Si/Al ratio hydroxysodalite from oil shale ash without pretreatment

“…However, the uses of oil shale are accompanied with a waste known universally as oil shale ash, which causes severe environmental problems. Because the cost of oil shale ash disposal is quite high, it is necessary to find a proper strategy for ash disposal and utilization . One of the approaches is the conversion of the oil shale ash into zeolite, which not only alleviates the disposal problem but also turns an otherwise waste material into a marketable commodity.…”

Experiment and Neural Network Model of Primary Fragmentation of Oil Shale in Fluidized Bed

“…The high proportions of ash are expected to maintain the original structure of the oil shale particles [14]. In addition, the fragmentation of oil shale particles with laminated stucture follows the selfaffine behavior in the fracture developing and fragmentation mode of particles.…”

“…It was found that fragmentation rates were experimentally estimated to increase as high as 3-5 times once shale was preheated. AlOtoom et al [14] found that there was very small number of fragmentations of Jordanian oil shale particles occurring during combustion or ashing in a laboratory furnace in the studied range of oil shale particle size (<0.15 mm). They suggested that the stagnant conditions of the experimental combustion process may also help the phenomenon.…”