The chemoprevention of spirulina platensis and garlic against diethylnitrosamine induced liver cancer in rats via amelioration of inflammatory cytokines expression and oxidative stress

Abstract

Natural antioxidant products play a vital role in the treatment and prevention of cancer disease because they have no side effects. This study aimed to compare the chemoprotective effect of Spirulina platensis (SP) and garlic against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in rats. This study was being done by using 60 male Wistar rats and divided into four groups. Group (I): normal group. Group (II): HCC group induced by injection of a single dose of DEN (200 mg/kg/I.P) and after 14 days injected CCl4 (1 mg/kg/I.P) 3 times/week/six weeks. Group (III): HCC group received SP orally at a dose (500 mg/kg). Group (IV): HCC group received garlic (250 mg/kg) orally. The results revealed that the Spirulina and garlic treatment have a significant decrease in Glutamate pyruvate transaminase, Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, GGT, LDH, and the Malondialdehyde (MDA) activity, and furthermore, a significant increase in the total protein level, the superoxide dismutase (SOD), and Catalase (CAT) activity nearly to normal activity. Furthermore, the hepatic expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), inducible nitric oxide synthase, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β1), Heat Shock Protein glycoprotein 96 (HSPgp96), and Glypican 3 (GP3) were down regulated by the Spirulina and garlic treatment in comparison with those in HCC group. All findings reported that the chemoprotective of both Spirulina and garlic that have nearly the same effect may be due to antioxidant activity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation, amelioration of pro-inflammatory cytokine, HSPgp96, and GP3.

Impending Chemotherapeutic Impact of Arthrospira platensis Nanoparticles and/or Sorafenib against Hepatocellular Carcinoma through Modulation of Antioxidant Status, Tumor Marker Genes, and Anti-Inflammatory Signaling Pathways

“…Our results revealed that SOR, NSP, or combined NSP /SOR downregulated the inflammatory cytokines with marked improvement in HCC-treated rats with a combined NSP/SOR; these data were in line with [ 49 ], where Arthrospira platensis reduced the hepatic expression of TNF-, IL-6, iNOS, and TGF-1.…”

LPAR5 confers radioresistance to cancer cells associated with EMT activation via the ERK/Snail pathway

“…The ERK pathway is one of the major oncogenic signals in human cancers because its activation leads to an increase in proliferation, invasion, and metastasis [49][50][51]. The ERK pathway is often hyperactivated in tumors [52] and acts as an inducer of cell migration and invasion through a Snail-mediated mechanism [53][54][55][56].…”

LPAR5 confers cancer cells radioresistance associated with EMT activation via ERK/ Snail pathway

“…We show for the rst time that LPAR5 can regulate Snail expression through the ERK pathway and mediate IR-induced EMT. The highly expressed LPAR5 upregulates the expression of Snail through the ERK pathway, thereby affecting the expression of MMP1 and MMP9.The ERK pathway is one of the major oncogenic signals in human cancers because its activation leads to an increase in proliferation, invasion, and metastasis [49][50][51]. The ERK pathway is often hyperactivated in tumors [52], acts as an inducer of cell migration and invasion through a Snail-mediated mechanism [53][54][55][56].MMPs can degrade various protein components in the extracellular matrix.…”