The chemotactic effect of Phlebotomus duboscqi (diptera: psychodidae) salivary gland lysates to murine monocytes

Anjili, Christopher O.; Mbati, Peter A.; Mwangi, R. W.; Githure, John I.; Olobo, Joseph; Robert, Leon L.; Koech, Davy K.

doi:10.1016/0001-706x(95)00112-r

Cited by 35 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The infiltrate is composed mainly of CD4 + lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells . In agreement with these data, saliva of Phlebotomus species has been found to be chemotactic to mouse monocytes (Anjili et al 1995, Zer et al 2001.…”

Section: Immune Response Of the Host Repeatedly Exposed To Sand Fly Ssupporting

confidence: 78%

“…It suppresses early production of IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ (Rohoušová et al 2005a) and increases production of IL-6 (Rogers and Titus 2003). In addition, the propensity of saliva to induce positive macrophage chemotaxis is also common to several phlebotomine species, including both the genera Phlebotomus (Anjili et al 1995, Zer et al 2001 and Lutzomyia (Zer et al 2001).…”

Section: Phlebotomus Papatasimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sand fly saliva: effects on host immune response and Leishmania transmission

Rohoušová¹,

Volf²

2006

FOLIA PARASIT

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Abstract. The feeding success of sand flies (Diptera: Phlebotominae) is linked to the vast array of pharmacological substances in their saliva, which interferes with the host haemostasis and immune response. Modification of feeding site plays also an important role in Leishmania transmission. In naive hosts, co-inoculation of saliva and Leishmania parasites increases the chance of successful transmission. Disease exacerbation seems to be associated with enhanced production of type 2 cytokines and selective inhibition of some macrophage functions including the production of NO and H 2 O 2 . On the other hand, hosts repeatedly exposed to sand fly bites develop anti-saliva immune response that results in a protection against Leishmania infection. This led to a new interesting approach to anti-Leishmania vaccine -using salivary components to block parasite transmission. The review is therefore focused on the interactions that run between immunomodulatory molecules in sand fly saliva and host immune response, with the impact on Leishmania infection development. Recent studies revealed that saliva-based vaccine for leishmaniasis might be effective and feasible, however, several questions still require to be solved. The knowledge based on experimental mouse model cannot be fully extrapolated to dogs or humans and due to differences in salivary antigens between sand fly species the protective effect is species-specific. On the other hand, the specificity of salivary antigens enables the use of anti-saliva antibodies for monitoring the exposure of hosts to sand fly bites and might be used as a marker of risks for Leishmania transmission in endemic areas.

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Section: Immune Response Of the Host Repeatedly Exposed To Sand Fly Ssupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Phlebotomus Papatasimentioning

confidence: 99%

Sand fly saliva: effects on host immune response and Leishmania transmission

Rohoušová¹,

Volf²

2006

FOLIA PARASIT

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“…It is also highly possible that saliva-mediated disease development can be achieved by more than one mechanism, including enhanced recruitment of immature target cells (M⌽ and dendritic cells) for infection and suppression of their killing mechanisms. Sand fly saliva has chemotactic effect on murine M⌽ (1,64). Availability of M⌽ at the site of inoculation is a crucial factor for the preliminary establishment of Leishmania infections in the skin, because parasites that fail to invade M⌽ are quickly eliminated by the cytotoxic activity of NK cells, neutrophils, and eosinophils in the vertebrate host.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sand Fly Saliva EnhancesLeishmania amazonensisInfection by Modulating Interleukin-10 Production

Norsworthy¹,

Sun²,

Elnaiem

et al. 2004

Infect Immun

111

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After transmission through the bite of female sand flies, Leishmania spp. can cause a broad spectrum of disease manifestations collectively known as leishmaniases. L. amazonensis is endemic in South America, where it causes cutaneous, diffuse cutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. In this study, we have provided evidence that salivary gland extracts (SGE) of Lutzomyia longipalpis enhances L. amazonensis infection. BALB/c mice infected intradermally in the ear with 10 5 metacyclic promastigotes of L. amazonensis together with SGE (equivalent to 0.5 gland) showed an early onset of disease and larger lesions that contained ϳ3-log-units more parasites than did controls. To determine the potential mechanism underlying this enhancement, we assessed cytokine production via reverse transcriptase PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mice coinjected with parasites and SGE displayed higher levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10) mRNA in the ear tissues, as well as higher levels of IL-10 in supernatants of restimulated draining lymph node (LN) cells, than did controls. Flow cytometric analysis revealed high frequencies of IL-10-producing CD4 ؉ and CD8 ؉ T cells in the draining LN of mice coinjected with the parasite and SGE. In addition, we examined bone marrow derived-macrophage cultures and detected increased IL-10 but decreased nitric oxide (NO) production in cells exposed to SGE prior to infection with L. amazonensis. Together, these results imply that the sand fly saliva facilitates Leishmania evasion of the host immune system by modulating IL-10 production.

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“…Initial cell recruitment is also important in leishmaniasis (9,10). Saliva from Phlebotomus duboscqi attracts vertebrate monocytes in vitro (11) and saliva from P. papatasi not only attracts macrophages but also enhances infection by Leishmania donovani in these cells, resulting in increased parasite load (12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Saliva from Lutzomyia longipalpis Induces CC Chemokine Ligand 2/Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Expression and Macrophage Recruitment

Teixeira

Gomes

et al. 2005

The Journal of Immunology

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Saliva of bloodfeeding arthropods has been incriminated in facilitating the establishment of parasite in their host. We report on the leukocyte chemoattractive effect of salivary gland homogenate (SGH) from Lutzomyia longipalpis on saliva-induced inflammation in an air pouch model. SGH (0.5 pair/animal) was inoculated in the air pouch formed in the back of BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice. L. longipalpis SGH induced a significant influx of macrophages in BALB/c but not in C57BL/6 mice. SGH-induced cell recruitment reached a peak at 12 h after inoculation and was higher than that induced by the LPS control. This differential cell recruitment in BALB/c mice was directly correlated to an increase in CCL2/MCP-1 expression in the air pouch lining tissue. In fact, treatment with bindarit, an inhibitor of CCL2/MCP-1 synthesis, and also with a specific anti-MCP-1 mAb resulted in drastic reduction of macrophage recruitment and inhibition of CCL2/MCP-1 expression in the lining tissue. CCL2/MCP-1 production was also seen in vitro when J774 murine macrophages were exposed to L. longipalpis SGH. The SGH effect was abrogated by preincubation with serum containing anti-SGH IgG Abs as well as in mice previously sensitized with L. longipalpis bites. Interestingly, the combination of SGH with Leishmania chagasi induced an increased recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages when compared with L. chagasi alone. Taken together these results suggest that SGH not only induces the recruitment of a greater number of macrophages by enhancing CCL2/MCP-1 production but also synergizes with L. chagasi to recruit more inflammatory cells to the site of inoculation.

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The chemotactic effect of Phlebotomus duboscqi (diptera: psychodidae) salivary gland lysates to murine monocytes

Cited by 35 publications

References 9 publications

Sand fly saliva: effects on host immune response and Leishmania transmission

Sand fly saliva: effects on host immune response and Leishmania transmission

Sand Fly Saliva EnhancesLeishmania amazonensisInfection by Modulating Interleukin-10 Production

Saliva from Lutzomyia longipalpis Induces CC Chemokine Ligand 2/Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Expression and Macrophage Recruitment

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