The Chloride Equilibrium in Muscle

Wilde, Walter S.

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1945.143.5.666

Cited by 71 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…Because of inadequate data on human muscle, the possibility of a small constant quantity of chloride within cells has been neglected. However, the obligatory extracellular position of chloride has been challenged by recent experiments in which large doses of potassium chloride were administered (16,17). An analysis of the results reported here indicates that the chloride content of whole muscle varies directly with the serum chloride concentration.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 72%

Electrolyte Changes in Human Striated Muscle in Acidosis and Alkalosis

Mudge

Vislocky²

1949

J. Clin. Invest.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 72%

Electrolyte Changes in Human Striated Muscle in Acidosis and Alkalosis

Mudge

Vislocky²

1949

J. Clin. Invest.

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“…space with the tissue space of other referent substances (51)(52)(53)(54)(55). These studies have shown that varying portions of the -chloride space, notably in connective tissue, are impenetrable to sulfate (47,55), thiosulfate (51), and inulin (51)(52)(53)(54). Radiosulfate also fails to penetrate about 25 per cent of the chloride space of muscle (41).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Evaluation of Radiosulfate for the Determination of the Volume of Extracellular Fluid in Man and Dogs 1

Walser¹,

Seldin²,

Grollman³

1953

J. Clin. Invest.

161

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“…No estimate of transcellular fluid was possible in this study. This potassium concentration would seem to be high as a result of the fact that thiocyanate over-estimates the extracellular space (40,41).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Distribution of Sodium and Chloride and the Extracellular Fluid Volume in the Rat1

Cheek¹,

West²,

Golden³

1957

J. Clin. Invest.

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Our attempts to gain information concerning the amount of electrolyte in cell water and the theoretical concentration of intracellular cations necessarily revolve around our ability to partition total body water into extracellular and intracellular phases. The total body potassium, for example, is confined almost exclusively to the intracellular phase, and if the intracellular volume of the body could be defined, the net intracellular potassium concentration could be readily calculated as:Total body K -Extracellular K Intracellular fluid volume The most rational interpretation of extracellular fluid volume would seem to be that defined originally by Manery, Danielson, and Hastings (1), by Manery and Hastings (2) and later by Nichols, Nichols, Weil, and Wallace (3). These authors divide the extracellular fluid into the following components: the plasma water, the interstitial water, and the connective tissue water. The interstitial water is considered that volume of fluid which rapidly equilibrates with substances such as inulin. Connective tissue water is the volume of water which is principally associated with collagen and elastin, and with which substances such as inulin equilibrate slowly. The study of Nichols, Nichols, Weil, and Wallace (3) would indicate that the sum of these three phases of the extracellular fluid is defined reasonably well by the chloride space if correction of the chloride space is made for intracellular chloride, and for the slightly greater concentration of chloride in connective tissue water than is present in an ultrafiltrate of serum.The major aim of the present study is to test 1 This investigation was supported in part by a research grant (H-1638) from the National Heart Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States Public Health Service.further the validity of the chloride space, corrected for the factors described above, as a measure of the extracellular volume by demonstrating an identity between it and the space calculated from the sodium content of extracellular fluid. Extracellular fluid volume has been calculated from sodium by the expression (extracellular sodium)/(Na)ef where extracellular sodium is the difference between total body sodium and the sodium which is not in the extracellular fluid (i.e., that in bone, cells, and within the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract) and (Na)ef is the sodium concentration of the serum ultrafiltrate.Values for total body chloride and sodium on which the calculations depend have been obtained by carcass analysis of a large number of normal rats (4,5). Values for bone sodium have been calculated from the Na/Ca ratio for bone and from total body calcium. Values for cell sodium in muscle have been taken from data in the literature (6) calculated on the assumption that chloride in muscle occupies the same space as inulin and an exclusively extracellular position (7). Values for sodium in red cells were also calculated from the data of other investigators (8, 9) while those in visceral cells have been assessed by comparison of the ...

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The Chloride Equilibrium in Muscle

Cited by 71 publications

References 0 publications

Electrolyte Changes in Human Striated Muscle in Acidosis and Alkalosis

Electrolyte Changes in Human Striated Muscle in Acidosis and Alkalosis

An Evaluation of Radiosulfate for the Determination of the Volume of Extracellular Fluid in Man and Dogs 1

The Distribution of Sodium and Chloride and the Extracellular Fluid Volume in the Rat1

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