The Choline Requirement of the Baby Pig

Effects of dietary choline on growth performance, lipid deposition and hepatic lipid transport of grouper (Epinephelus coioides)

“…Nutritional importance of choline has been studied in several fish and livestock (Neumann et al 1949;Nesheim et al 1971;Roem et al 1990), but not reported for grouper. The aim of this study was to determine the choline requirement and to investigate its effects on growth performance, lipid turnover and some physiological functions for grouper.…”

“…Nutritional importance of choline has been studied in several fish and livestock (Neumann et al . ; Nesheim et al . ; Roem et al .…”

Effect of Supplemental Choline on Performance of Starting, Growing and Finishing Pigs: A Cooperative Regional Study

“…It has been suggested that high levels of methionine may replace the dietary choline requirement of pigs (Neumann et al, 1949;Kroenig and Pond, 1967). Because the corn-soylysine diets used in this experiment contained lower amounts of methionine than normal corn-soy diets or diets previously used to study choline requirements, any need for supplemental choline should have been detected.…”

“…The fact that no growth response was observed during any portion of the experiment when choline was added to the diet is not totally unexpected. Although the National Research Council (1973) does not list a choline requirement for the growing or finishing pig, a dietary requirement (based on the work of Neumann et al, 1949) of 1,100 to 900 mg/kg diet is given for pigs weighing from 5 to 20 kilograms. The basal diets used in this experiment contained 1,070, 875 and 750 mg/kg for the starter, grower and finisher phases, respectively.…”

“…Johnson and James (1948) reported that a choline deficiency in pigs resulted in poor growth and fatty infiltration of the liver. Neumann et al (1949)…”