The choroid plexus: Simple structure, complex functions

Talhada, Daniela; Costa-Brito, Ana Raquel; Duarte, Ana Catarina; Costa, Ana Lúcia Siqueira; Quintela, Telma; Tomás, Joana; Gonçalves, Isabel; Santos, Cecília R. A.

doi:10.1002/jnr.24571

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The CSF volume, composition, and movement play a significant role in the physiology, pathology, and diagnostics of the CNS [6]. Nevertheless, the CP that produces the CSF, and the neuroepithelial lining of the cerebral ventricles that separates the brain from the CSF, remain among the least studied structures of the brain [8]. Nutrients, hormones, growth factors [2], and waste products [4,5] released in the brain or transported in the blood may be found in the CSF, because a number of transporters and carrier proteins are present at the BBB and the BCSFB.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Lactate Receptor HCA1 Is Present in the Choroid Plexus, the Tela Choroidea, and the Neuroepithelial Lining of the Dorsal Part of the Third Ventricle

Hadzic

Nguyen

Hosoyamada

et al. 2020

IJMS

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The volume, composition, and movement of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are important for brain physiology, pathology, and diagnostics. Nevertheless, few studies have focused on the main structure that produces CSF, the choroid plexus (CP). Due to the presence of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) in the CP, changes in blood and brain lactate levels are reflected in the CSF. A lactate receptor, the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCA1), is present in the brain, but whether it is located in the CP or in other periventricular structures has not been studied. Here, we investigated the distribution of HCA1 in the cerebral ventricular system using monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP)-HCA1 reporter mice. The reporter signal was only detected in the dorsal part of the third ventricle, where strong mRFP-HCA1 labeling was present in cells of the CP, the tela choroidea, and the neuroepithelial ventricular lining. Co-labeling experiments identified these cells as fibroblasts (in the CP, the tela choroidea, and the ventricle lining) and ependymal cells (in the tela choroidea and the ventricle lining). Our data suggest that the HCA1-containing fibroblasts and ependymal cells have the ability to respond to alterations in CSF lactate in body–brain signaling, but also as a sign of neuropathology (e.g., stroke and Alzheimer’s disease biomarker).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, CSF samples are used to analyze for biomarkers in neurological diseases [ 7 ]. Despite the significant role of CSF volume, composition, and movement in physiology, pathology, and diagnostics, the choroid plexus (CP)—the main structure that produces CSF—is among the least studied structures of the brain [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Lactate Receptor HCA1 Is Present in the Choroid Plexus, the Tela Choroidea, and the Neuroepithelial Lining of the Dorsal Part of the Third Ventricle

Hadzic

Nguyen

Hosoyamada

et al. 2020

IJMS

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“…In addition to its role in CSF production, the CP also functions as a selectively permeable barrier between the blood and CSF, known as the BCSFB. 4 , 18 The BCSFB is distinct from the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is a tight endothelial layer between cerebral blood vessels and the interstitial fluid (ISF) that functions to restrict access to the brain parenchyma. 19 On the other hand, the BCSFB is comprised of the choroidal epithelium and the adjacent tight junctions.…”

Section: Choroid Plexus Anatomymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,2 However, in recent decades, additional CP functions have been identified to include 3) removal of toxic waste and metabolites from the central nervous system (CNS), 4) active contribution in the development and regeneration of the CNS, 5) immunosurveillance of the brain, and 6) regulation of CSF composition for homeostatic brain function. 3,4 As our understanding of the CP continues to advance, it is increasingly apparent that even the slightest deviations in normal CP physiology can interfere with CNS development and function. This becomes evident in the vast number of neurological conditions to which CP pathology has been linked, 1 corroborating the role for healthy CP activity in normal CNS homeostasis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Choroid plexus function in neurological homeostasis and disorders: The awakening of the circadian clocks and orexins

Christensen

Mychasiuk

2022

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

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As research regarding the role of circadian rhythms, sleep, and the orexinergic system in neurodegenerative diseases is growing, it is surprising that the choroid plexus (CP) remains underappreciated in this realm. Despite its extensive role in the regulation of circadian rhythms and orexinergic signalling, as well as acting as the primary conduit between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the circulatory system, providing a mechanism by which toxic waste molecules can be removed from the brain, the CP has been largely unexplored in neurodegeneration. In this review, we explore the role of the CP in maintaining brain homeostasis and circadian rhythms, regulating CSF dynamics, and how these functions change across the lifespan, from development to senescence. In addition, we examine the relationship between the CP, orexinergic signalling, and the glymphatic system, highlighting gaps in the literature and areas that require immediate exploration. Finally, we assess current knowledge, including possible therapeutic strategies, regarding the role of the CP in neurological disorders, such as traumatic brain injury, migraine, Alzheimer’s disease, and multiple sclerosis.

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Inflammation‐Triggered Enlargement of Choroid Plexus in Subacute COVID‐19 Patients with Neurological Symptoms

Rau,

Gonzalez‐Escamilla,

Schroeter

et al. 2024

Annals of Neurology

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ObjectiveTo investigate whether choroid plexus volumes in subacute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients with neurological symptoms could indicate inflammatory activation or barrier dysfunction and assess their association with clinical data.MethodsChoroid plexus volumes were measured in 28 subacute COVID‐19 patients via cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), compared with those in infection‐triggered non‐COVID‐19 encephalopathy patients (n = 25), asymptomatic individuals after COVID‐19 (n = 21), and healthy controls (n = 21). Associations with inflammatory serum markers (peak counts of leukocytes, C‐reactive protein [CRP], interleukin 6), an MRI‐based marker of barrier dysfunction (CSF volume fraction [V‐CSF]), and clinical parameters like olfactory performance and cognitive scores (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) were investigated.ResultsCOVID‐19 patients showed significantly larger choroid plexus volumes than control groups (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.172). These volumes correlated significantly with peak leukocyte levels (p = 0.001, Pearson's r = 0.621) and V‐CSF (p = 0.009, Spearman's rho = 0.534), but neither with CRP nor interleukin 6. No significant correlations were found with clinical parameters.InterpretationIn patients with subacute COVID‐19, choroid plexus volume is a marker of central nervous system inflammation and barrier dysfunction in the presence of neurologic symptoms. The absence of plexus enlargement in infection‐triggered non‐COVID‐19 encephalopathy suggests a specific severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 effect. This study also documents an increase in choroid plexus volume for the first time as a parainfectious event. ANN NEUROL 2024

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The choroid plexus: Simple structure, complex functions

Cited by 9 publications

References 25 publications

The Lactate Receptor HCA1 Is Present in the Choroid Plexus, the Tela Choroidea, and the Neuroepithelial Lining of the Dorsal Part of the Third Ventricle

The Lactate Receptor HCA1 Is Present in the Choroid Plexus, the Tela Choroidea, and the Neuroepithelial Lining of the Dorsal Part of the Third Ventricle

Choroid plexus function in neurological homeostasis and disorders: The awakening of the circadian clocks and orexins

Inflammation‐Triggered Enlargement of Choroid Plexus in Subacute COVID‐19 Patients with Neurological Symptoms

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