The choroid-sclera interface: An ultrastructural study

Schroedl, Falk

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09408

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…The choroidal layer is crucial for the metabolic function of the outer layers of the retina, including the RPE and photoreceptors [25][26] . The microvascular loss may decrease the ability of the choroid to supply proper levels of oxygen and other metabolites to the RPE and outer retina [11,[27][28][29][30] . Zaben et al [31] reported a study to estimate the association between choroidal thickness in the macular area and retinal sensitivity in eyes with high myopia.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical coherence tomography enhanced depth imaging of chorioretinal folds in patients with orbital tumors

Peng¹,

Xue²,

Sodhi³

et al. 2023

Int J Ophthalmol

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AIM: To characterize spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) features of chorioretinal folds in orbital mass imaged using enhanced depth imaging (EDI). METHODS: Prospective observational case-control study was conducted in 20 eyes of 20 patients, the uninvolved eye served as a control. All the patients underwent clinical fundus photography, computed tomography, EDI SD-OCT imaging before and after surgery. Two patients with cavernous hemangiomas underwent intratumoral injection of bleomycin A5; the remaining patients underwent tumor excision. Patients were followed 1 to 14mo following surgery (average follow up, 5.8mo). RESULTS: Visual acuity prior to surgery ranged from 20/20 to 20/200. Following surgery, 5 patients’ visual acuity remained unchanged while the remaining 15 patients had a mean letter improvement of 10 (range 4 to 26 letters). Photoreceptor inner/outer segment defects were found in 10 of 15 patients prior to surgery. Following surgical excision, photoreceptor inner/outer segment defects fully resolved in 8 of these 10 patients. CONCLUSION: Persistence of photoreceptor inner/outer segment defects caused by compression of the globe by an orbital mass can be associated with reduced visual prognosis. Our findings suggest that photoreceptor inner/outer segment defects on EDI SD-OCT could be an indicator for immediate surgical excision of an orbital mass causing choroidal compression.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical coherence tomography enhanced depth imaging of chorioretinal folds in patients with orbital tumors

Peng¹,

Xue²,

Sodhi³

et al. 2023

Int J Ophthalmol

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“… 14 Likely due to differences in choroidal ultrastructure, changes in choroidal thickness during myopia development are considerably smaller in magnitude in marmoset and mammal than in avian eyes. 67 Their existence in mammals, however, confirms the role the choroid plays in retinal focusing mechanisms to reduce error signals, and suggests that the choroid may be actively driving or passively experiencing the consequences eye growth. 17 – 19 , 61 The thinning of the choroid may facilitate the diffusion of myopic growth signals released from itself, 15 the neuroretina, 68 , 69 and RPE 15 and affect extracellular matrix remodeling in the sclera.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Choroidal Morphology and Photoreceptor Activity Are Related and Affected by Myopia Development

Ablordeppey,

Lin,

Song

et al. 2024

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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Purpose The choroid is critical for the regulation of eye growth and is involved in the pathogenesis of myopia-associated ocular complications. This study explores the relationship among choroidal biometry, photoreceptor activity, and myopic growth in marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus ) with lens-induced myopia. Methods A total of 34 common marmosets aged 92 to 273 days old were included in this study. Axial myopia was induced in 17 marmosets using negative soft contact lenses and 17 marmosets served as untreated controls. Cycloplegic refraction (RE) and vitreous chamber depth (VCD) were measured using autorefraction and A-scan ultrasonography, respectively. Choroidal scans were obtained using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and binarized to calculate subfoveal choroidal thickness (ChT), total choroidal area (TCA), luminal area (LA), stromal area (SA), choroidal vascularity index (CVI), and LA/SA. To assess photoreceptor activity, the a-wave of the full-field electroretinogram was measured. Regression models were used to investigate the relationship between outcome measures. Results Eyes induced with axial myopia (RE = −7.14 ± 4.03 diopters [D], VCD = 6.86 ± 0.39 mm) showed significant reductions (4.92–21.24%) in all choroidal parameters (ChT, TCA, LA, SA, CVI, and LA/SA) compared to controls (RE = −1.25 ± 0.60 D, VCD = 6.58 ± 0.26 mm, all P < 0.05), which changed as a function of refraction and vitreous elongation, and were associated with a decrease in the a-wave amplitude. Further, multiple regression showed that a combination of ChT and CVI could well predict RE and VCD. Conclusions This study reports the existence of significant alterations in choroidal morphology in non-human primate eyes induced with myopia. The changes in choroidal anatomy were associated with reduced light-adapted a-wave amplitude. These findings may represent early markers for reduced visual performance and chorioretinal complications known to occur in eyes with large degrees of myopia.

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“…The intrinsic rhythm of the choroid is also influenced by the autonomic nervous system (the choroid possesses a network of intrinsic choroidal neurons that lie in the choroidal stroma [ 12 , 32 , 69 ], and these intrinsic choroidal neurons appear to receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic input, suggesting they are controlled by the autonomic nervous system [ 70 , 71 ]). In addition, the choroid can release certain autonomic neurotransmitters (eg, vasoactive intestinal peptide, nitric oxide) [ 12 , 24 , 31 , 71 ] and change the permeability of the choroid, making the growth factor released by the choroid more easily arrive at the sclera, and further remodel the scleral extracellular matrix [ 11 , 61 , 72 , 73 ]. Thus, changes in autonomic nervous system activity in myopia may accelerate the progression of axial elongation and myopia by regulating the choroid and sclera.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship Between Autonomic Nervous System Activity and Axial Length in Children

Yan

Wang

et al. 2023

Med Sci Monit

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The aim of this work was to compare autonomic nervous system activity between eyes with axial and nonaxial myopia and to investigate the relationship between autonomic nervous system activity and axial length (AL) in children. Material/Methods:Seventy-eight eyes of 78 children were included in this study. Static and dynamic pupillary responses, including pupil diameter, latency, and velocity of pupil contraction and dilation, were recorded using automatic pupillometry to evaluate autonomic nervous system activity. AL was measured using the IOL-Master device. Results:In terms of static pupillary responses, the pupil diameter at mesopic condition (1 candelas/m 2 ) (PD1) (4.06±0.64 vs 3.80±0.87 mm, P=0.045) and pupil diameter at low photopic condition (10 candelas/m 2 ) (PD10) (3.40±0.49 vs 3.22±0.66 mm, P=0.046) were significantly larger in axial myopic eyes than in non-axial myopic eyes. In terms of dynamic pupillary responses, velocity of pupil contraction (Vel-C) (5.93±0.89 vs 6.75±1.60 mm/s, P=0.019) and velocity of pupil dilation (Vel-D) (2.28±0.38 vs 2.89±1.17 mm/s, P=0.002) were significantly slower in axial myopic eyes than in non-axial myopic eyes. Moreover, PD1 and PD10 were significantly and positively associated with AL, while Vel-C and Vel-D were significantly and negatively associated with AL (all P<0.05). Conclusions:There was significant decrease in autonomic nervous system activity in axial myopia compared with non-axial myopia, and autonomic nervous system activity was significantly and negatively associated with AL in children. Decreases in autonomic nervous system activity in axial myopia may contribute to the excessive axial elongation in pediatric axial myopia.

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The choroid-sclera interface: An ultrastructural study

Cited by 9 publications

References 61 publications

Optical coherence tomography enhanced depth imaging of chorioretinal folds in patients with orbital tumors

Optical coherence tomography enhanced depth imaging of chorioretinal folds in patients with orbital tumors

Choroidal Morphology and Photoreceptor Activity Are Related and Affected by Myopia Development

Relationship Between Autonomic Nervous System Activity and Axial Length in Children

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