The role of interlayer bonds in the two-dimensional (2D)
materials
“beyond graphene” and so-called van der Waals heterostructures
is vital, and understanding the nature of these bonds in terms of
strength and type is essential due to a wide range of their prospective
technological applications. However, this issue has not yet been properly
addressed in the previous investigations devoted to 2D materials.
In our work, by using first-principles calculations we perform a systematic
study of the interlayer bonds and charge redistribution of several
representative 2D materials that are traditionally referred to as
van der Waals systems. Our results demonstrate that one can distinguish
three main types of interlayer couplings in the considered 2D structures:
one-atom-thick membranes bonded by London dispersion forces (graphene,
hBN), systems with leading electrostatic interaction between layers
(diselenides, InSe, and bilayer silica), and materials with so-called
dative or coordination chemical bonds between layers (ditelurides).
We also propose a protocol for recognizing the leading type of interlayer
bonds in a system that includes a comparison of interlayer distances,
binding energies, and the redistribution of the charge densities in
interlayer space. Such an approach is computationally cheap and can
be used to further predict the chemical and physical properties, such
as charge density waves (CDW), work function, and chemical stability
at ambient conditions.