The Civilianization of Military Rule in Pakistan

Rizvi, Hasan-Askari

doi:10.2307/2644257

Cited by 7 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Both wanted to consolidate their positions as effective rulers, but while Zia was keen to obtain the endorsement of the national electorate for both himself and his policies immediately after securing the presidency (Baxter and Rashiduzzaman 1981, 486), Ziaul took over seven and a half years to go to the people, not directly to seek a vote of confidence in himself, but to muster support for his Islamisation programs (Noman 1990, 144±54). Nonetheless, he interpreted a``positive'' vote in this referendum as a mandate for him to serve as president for another five-year term (Rizvi 1986.…”

Section: Military Intervention and The Process Of Civilianisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The opposition in Bangladesh was still withdrawn from active politics, while in Pakistan its hostility towards the referendum in particular, and the regime in general, was met by coercive measures, including the arrest of political leaders (Sawhney 1985, 170). In both countries, the credibility of the referenda was suspect because of the lack of voter spontaneity, and the use of the state-controlled media to publicise the achievements of the regimes, encouraging the people to vote``yes'' and inflating both turnout and voting figures (Smith 1986, 803±05;Sawhney 1985, 171;Rizvi 1986Rizvi , 1069Jalal 1990, 324;Franda 1979;Khan 1983, 147;Rashiduzzaman 1978, 126±27).…”

Section: Military Intervention and The Process Of Civilianisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These thugs took control of polling centres and cast innumerable votes. In some centres, results were manipulated (Sawhney 1985, 171, 175;Rizvi 1986Rizvi , 1069. In Bangladesh, the tactics were similar but more subtle.…”

Section: Military Intervention and The Process Of Civilianisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Candidates approached voters with election leaflets; posters and banners provided information on their background and statement of intent. Some rich candidates propagated their ideas through newspaper advertisements, while others employed professional advertising firms to spread their message to the electorate (Rizvi 1986(Rizvi , 1069. These inflated election expenses, often making them greater than the limit stipulated by the government.…”

Section: Military Intervention and The Process Of Civilianisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Military rule, civilianisation and electoral corruption: Pakistan and Bangladesh in perspective

Zafarullah¹,

Akhter

2001

Asian Studies Review

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Electoral corruption has in recent times gained popularity as a field of research among political scientists and election-watchers because of its negative influence on the construction, consolidation and sustenance of democracy in the Third World. A free and fair electoral system, perceived to be one of the central tenets of representative democracy, creates``a sentiment of popular consent and participation'' among voters and provides for``orderly succession in government'' (Mackenzie 1958, 13±14). It bestows legitimacy on an elected government's policies and programs and gives credibility to its actions. On the other hand, if the electoral system is abused, it cannot advance the democratic process. If parties come to power through unfair means, it is unlikely that they will honestly go about the business of government, especially in terms of transparency and accountability in governance. On the contrary, they are likely to be obsessed with the preservation of their hold on power even if that requires further deviations from electoral ethics.Developing nations, even those with long democratic traditions, commonly experience the dilemma of electoral corruption. Several factors, some deeprooted and socio-cultural in nature, impinge upon the electoral process to the detriment of the political system. The economic condition of the country, especially the level of poverty among voters, absence of sound educational infrastructure, lack of political awareness among the majority in the electorate, incoherence of the party system, undemocratic behaviour of party leaders and activists, political bigotry, and patron-client relations are some of the causes of electoral corruption in developing polities. A political culture that features politicians' and voters' respect for democratic values is yet to fully crystallise in Third World nations. While political office-seekers and parties are the leading Asian Studies Review.

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Section: Military Intervention and The Process Of Civilianisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Military Intervention and The Process Of Civilianisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Military Intervention and The Process Of Civilianisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Military Intervention and The Process Of Civilianisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Military rule, civilianisation and electoral corruption: Pakistan and Bangladesh in perspective

Zafarullah¹,

Akhter

2001

Asian Studies Review

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show abstract

“…alignments" (Rizvi, 1986(Rizvi, :1070. In their place, political discourse focused on the candidate's observance of Islam and the promise to provide local services and infrastructure.…”

Section: Nizam-i-islam Versus Parliamentary Politicsmentioning

confidence: 99%