The Čḯxwicən project of Northwest Washington State, U.S.A.: Opportunity lost, opportunity found

A Social Network Analysis of Traditional Labrets and Horizontal Relationships in the Salish Sea Region of Northwestern North America

“…Without an entrenched system for intergenerational transfer of wealth and its associated material correlates, we suggest that based on current archaeological lines of evidence, Houses would not necessarily be present in this period and the structure of hereditary social inequality may not have been as systematized. (Butler et al 2019), and 45CA-426 Sequim (Morgan 1996(Morgan , 1998. Matson (2010) argued that in contrast to other periods with multiple autonomous families in one structure, Locarno Beach residences were primarily winter structures occupied by single nuclear families, in part due to the majority of these archaeologically reported structures being substantially smaller than structures from the preceding Charles period and subsequent Marpole period.…”

“…Archaeologists assert that grave goods associated with subadults indicate ascribed status (Carlson 1987(Carlson , 1991. Burley and Knusel (1989) have argued that while evidence of ascribed status throughout the Salish Sea during this period is weak, there is widespread variability in burial practices.…”

“…Grave goods reflecting status are more common and diverse, including the interment of subadults with elaborate grave goods (Ames 1995;Burley and Knusel 1989). The accumulation of grave goods does not appear gendered (Ames 1995;Beattie 1981;Burchell 2006), although gendered differences among higher-status adults may exist (McIlraith 2012).…”

“…However, debates still exist regarding the timing of horizontal social organization and the degree of historic continuity in practices (Carlson 1991;Matson 2010;Matson and Coupland 1994;Moss 2011). By 2000 BP, there is clear archaeological evidence for hereditary forms of social inequality (e.g., Beattie 1981;Burley and Knusel 1989;Carlson and Hobler 1993;Curtin 1991;Grier 2003).…”

Human resilience and resettlement among the Islands of Four Mountains, Aleutians, Alaska

“…We use a human ecodynamics approach (Walker and Salt, 2006; Crumley, 2007; Kirch, 2007; Fitzhugh, et al, 2018; Hutchinson et al, 2018), drawing on resilience theory and historical ecology, to interpret human occupations in the Four Mountains—their ability to respond to natural disasters and to long-term environmental changes, as well as to the ecological variability in their ecosystem (Kirch and Hunt, 1997; Lawson et al, 2005; Erlandson and Fitzpatrick, 2006; Moss et al, 2006; Walker and Salt, 2006; Crumley, 2007; Fitzpatrick and Keegan, 2007; McGovern et al, 2007; Rick et al, 2008; Butler et al, 2018a, 2018b; Hutchinson et al, 2018). Kirch (2007) utilized environmental archaeology, geography, anthropology, and ecology to investigate the interwoven relations between humans and their environment in Hawaiian archipelago.…”