The cladistics and biology of the Callajoppa genus-group (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, Ichneumoninae)

Abstract

A cladistic analysis is presented for the genera of the former ichneumonine tribe Trogini. The tribe Heresiarchini is paraphyletic with respect to the Trogini, and so maintaining Trogini as a separate tribe is unsatisfactory. Within Heresiarchini, the following changes are made: (a) the subtribes Apatetorina and Heresiarchina are referred to as the Apatetor and Heresiarches genus‐groups, (b) the genera of the paraphyletic subtribe Protichneumonina are treated as incerta sedis within Heresiarchini, and (c) the Trogini are referred to as the Callajoppa genus‐group, with the former subtribe Trogina referred to as the Trogus subgroup. Thirty‐five genera are recognized as valid within the Callajoppa genus‐group. Catadelphops, Catadelphus, Cobunus, and Facydes are transferred to this group; Holojoppa is removed and is incertae sedis within Heresiarchini. Three new synonyms are proposed: Araeoscelis and Cryptopyge are junior synonyms of Macrojoppa, and Neamblyjoppa is a junior synonym of Catadelphops. Trogus latipennis Cresson is transferred to Pedinopelte from Macrojoppa, and Trogus mactator Tosquinet and its related species (T. bicolor Radoszkowski, T. heinrichi Uchida, and T. tricephalus Uchida) are transferred to Holcojoppa. Tricyphus is redefined and a neotype is designated for Tricyphus cuspidiger Kriechbaumer, the type‐species of the genus. Thirteen new genera are described (authorship of all is Wahl & Sime): Charmedia (type‐species: Charmedia chavarriai Wahl & Sime, sp. n.), Daggoo (type‐species: Daggoo philoctetes Wahl & Sime, sp. n.), Dothenia (type‐species: Dothenia hansoni Wahl & Sime, sp. n.), Humbert (type‐species: Humbert humberti Wahl & Sime, sp. n.), Laderrica (type‐species: Laderrica feenyi Wahl & Sime, sp. n.), Mokajoppa (type‐species: Tricyphus respinozai Ward & Gauld), Metallichneumon (type‐species: Metallichneumon neurospastarchus Wahl & Sime, sp. n.), Myocious (type‐species: Myocious orientalis Wahl & Sime, sp. n.), Quandrus (type‐species: Trogus pepsoides Smith, transferred from Callajoppa), Queequeg (type‐species: Gathetus flavibasalis Uchida, transferred from Neofacydes), Saranaca (type‐species: Trogus elegans Cresson; includes Trogus apicalis Cresson, Tricyphyus ater Hopper, and Tricyphus floridanus Heinrich), Tashtego (type‐species: Tashtego janzeni Wahl & Sime, sp. n.), and Xanthosomnium (type‐species: Xanthosomnium froesei Wahl & Sime, sp. n.). A key to the genera of the Callajoppa genus‐group is provided. The evolution of biological traits within the Callajoppa genus‐group is discussed with reference to the elucidated phylogeny. The groundplan biology is parasitism of Sphingidae, with oviposition into a host pupa/prepupa. There have been two transitions to butterfly parasitism within the Trogus subgroup: one a transition to Papilionidae (followed by a switch to Nymphalidae at Psilomastax) and the other to Nymphalidae (followed by a switch to Papilionidae within Macrojoppa). ©2002 The Linnean Society of London. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 134, 1–56.

Discovery of a new species belonging to the genus Heinrichiellus Tereshkin (Ichneumonidae, Ichneumoninae, Platylabini)

“…Recorded hosts of Platylabini mainly belong to Geometridae (Yu et al 2012) and members of the tribe are known as larval-pupal parasitoids (van Veen 1981, Tereshkin 2009). The metasoma morphology is either amblypygous, which is adapted for attacking larvae, or oxypygous, which is adapted for attacking pupae (Heinrich 1960, Hinz 1983, Sime and Wahl 2002. Although Sime and Wahl (2002) suggested that oxypygous species do not strictly attack pupae, none of the species with an amblypygous metasoma were recorded as pupal parasitoids; this indicates that Heinrichiellus is also a larvalpupal parasitoid.…”

“…The metasoma morphology is either amblypygous, which is adapted for attacking larvae, or oxypygous, which is adapted for attacking pupae (Heinrich 1960, Hinz 1983, Sime and Wahl 2002. Although Sime and Wahl (2002) suggested that oxypygous species do not strictly attack pupae, none of the species with an amblypygous metasoma were recorded as pupal parasitoids; this indicates that Heinrichiellus is also a larvalpupal parasitoid. A study on Ichneumon suggested that species with a slender body and long antenna tend to attack hosts pupating above the ground (Tschopp et al 2013); Heinrichiellus also probably attacks hosts pupating above the ground.…”

Trogus parasitoids of Papilio butterflies undergo extended diapause in western Canada (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae)

“…Most Trogus were reared from host larvae collected at later larval instars (fourth-fifth); however, several T. lapidator were reared from P. zelicaon caterpillars collected during their first and second larval instars at Saskatoon Hill, Alberta. Trogus pennator (Fabricius 1793), a conspicuous species in eastern North America, is known to oviposit in caterpillars of any age (Sime and Wahl 2002), and T. violaceus Mocsáry 1883 (a synonym of T. lapidator found in Europe: Wahl and Sime 2006), has been shown to parasitize P. hospiton Géné 1839 as early as its second instar (Prota 1962). However, T. lapidator and T. fulvipes have only been documented from caterpillars collected during later (fourth and fifth) larval instars in western Canada (Sperling 1986, Wahl andSime 2006).…”

“…Second, although Trogus are specialist parasitoids on swallowtail butterflies, another swallowtail butterfly, Papilio canadensis Rothschild and Jordan 1906, also inhabits these areas (Scott 1986). While Trogus lapidator has not been reared from P. canadensis, there are records of T. fulvipes from this host (Sime and Wahl 2002), which adds another layer of complexity to the population dynamics of these parasitoids. Finally, as noted earlier, the taxonomy of these Trogus spp.…”

“…Trogus is a genus of large koinobiont parasitoid wasps that specialize on swallowtail butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) (Sime and Wahl 2002). Single eggs are laid in caterpillars that develop normally through pupation; at this point the wasp larva begins feeding, develops, and pupates within the host pupa.…”