The classification of affective disorders: A synthesis of old and new concepts

Subclinical Symptoms of Panic Disorder: New Insights into Pathophysiology and Treatment

“…Even though this is implicit in contemporary psychiatric clinical practice, it is seldom stated in explicit form [46]. Examples of this hierarchical model are Foulds’ [47]diagnostic levels [48], Rasch analysis [49], and the primary/secondary distinction of Feighner et al [50], that was applied to depression but may potentially be extended to a variety of disorders [51].…”

An aetiological model of non-melancholic depression: study design and validity of the measures

“…The third class emphasises a precipitant‐weighted aetiology variably termed ‘reactive depression’, ‘situational depression’ or ‘adjustment disorder with depressed mood’. Numerous analytic studies [7–9] have identified sub‐groups of ‘anxious depressives’ versus ‘hostile depressives’ or ‘depressives with a personality disorder’, so supporting our first two hypothesised classes while the status of ‘situational depression’ as a true entity has been debated [10].…”

Searching for a technology of behavior

“…Analyses both of the symptoms of depression and of the personalities of individuals susceptible to this disorder suggest that it is not a single condition. Rather, there appears to be a spectrum of disorders forming a continuum that ranges from (at one pole) neurotic depression, with a strong admixture of symptoms of anxiety, to (at the other) psychotic depression, from which anxiety is usually absent (Gray 1982a;Roth 1979). There is, however, a common feature that unites all forms of depression across this continuum, namely, loss of the normally positively reinforcing effects of stimuli associated with reward.…”