The Claystone Layer between Two Basalt Flows in Hole 432A: An Argument for the Emergence of Nintoku Seamount

Karpoff, Anne Marie

doi:10.2973/dsdp.proc.55.132.1980

Cited by 5 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…zeolite clay (Fisher et al, 1971;Larson, Moberly, et al, 1975), but no minerals derived from subaerial weathering of volcanic rocks comparable to those recognized in the Emperor Seamount area (Karpoff, 1980).…”

Section: Influence Of the Shatsky Rise On Clay Sedimentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clay Stratigraphy at Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 576 and 578, Leg 86 (Western North Pacific)

Lenotre¹

1985

Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project

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Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic sediments deposited on the eastern and western sides of the Shatsky Rise show similar clay assemblages of chlorite, illite, mixed layers, smectite, kaolinite, and palygorskite, and a similar vertical differentiation into three units. The deep-sea pelagic red clay is dominated by terrigenous components, which suggests that diagenesis is minor in this part of the western North Pacific and that eolian supply is very important. The role of the Shatsky Rise as a submarine barrier is of minor importance. The volcanic contribution to the clay component appears very small, as in some other parts of the Pacific Ocean. Stratigraphic correlations between Sites 576 and 578, which can be made from mineralogical data, partly offset the rareness of biostratigraphic markers.

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Section: Influence Of the Shatsky Rise On Clay Sedimentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clay Stratigraphy at Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 576 and 578, Leg 86 (Western North Pacific)

Lenotre¹

1985

Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project

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“…The thickness of related zonal WM reaches 30 m. Their continental ori gin is established without doubt. It is suggested that WM were formed under conditions close to the present day tropical environment (Karpoff, 1980;Nilsen and Kerr, 1978;Noak et al, 1979;Parra et al, 1987).…”

Section: Weathering Mantles As Indicators Of Paleoclimate In the Eartmentioning

confidence: 97%

Main aspects of the theory of ore-bearing weathering mantles in the 21st century

et al. 2011

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The theory of ore bearing weathering mantles (WM) was developed at the Institute of Geological Sciences, USSR Academy of Sciences (currently the Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy, and Geochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences) in the 1930s. I.I. Ginzburg was an originator of this theory. The extensive new data on the bauxite , Ni , Au , REE bearing and other rare metal WM has led to the development of a general theory of exogenic ore deposits, which has been confirmed by forecasting, prospecting, and exploration of solid mineral resources. On considering the current status of the WM theory based on the results of precision research methods (XRD, IRS, EPR spectroscopy, DTA, electron micros copy, etc.), the main aspects determining its advance can be pointed out: (1) physicochemical simulation of WM formation; (2) identification and study of nanominerals in WM; (3) study of the contribution of organic matter to weathering; and (4) use of WM as indicators of climatic change in the Earth's history. As is presently established, WM are natural chemical reactors of nanoparticles of various minerals. The progress in nanom ineralogy of WM will facilitate the choice of rational methods of mining and recovery of valuable compo nents. As has been proved by electron microscopy, fossilized microbial communities, biofilms, and cyanobac terial mats occur in almost all WM. The importance of studying mutual relations of inorganic and organic substances of WM in more detail is evident. Development of the idea of using WM as indicators of paleocli mate will provide insights into global changes in the environment and complement the results obtained by traditional paleoclimatic methods. This aspect is especially topical in connection with widely discussed prob lem of global climatic warming.

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“…No clay deposits of the thickness recovered during Leg 144 (up to 28.6 m at Site 871) have been recovered from guyots to date. A 10-cm interval thought to be a weathering surface was recovered from the Nintoku Seamount in the Emperor Chain during Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Leg 55 (Karpoff, 1980). This red claystone occurs between moderately altered alkalic basalt flows.…”

Section: Previous Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This red claystone occurs between moderately altered alkalic basalt flows. Karpoff (1980) divided the interval into three parts: a yellowish red sandy claystone that gradually changes downward to a dark reddish brown claystone and then to a dark brown sandy claystone. Subhorizontal orientation of the alteration minerals was interpreted as relict of the lava flow.…”

Section: Previous Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Karpoff argues that this clay mineral paragenesis is indicative of subaerial rather than submarine hydrothermal weathering, which would have generated smectite, chlorite, or zeolites, but not kaolinite. The hematite at the top of the weathering rind was induced by the thermal effect of the emplacement of the overlying lava flow (Karpoff, 1980). A 30-m-thick, mid-to upper Eocene lateritic paleosol, correlative to laterites developed on basalt in northern Ireland, was recovered at DSDP Site 336 on the northeast flank of the Iceland-Faeroe Ridge, east of Iceland in the North Atlantic (Nilsen and Kerr, 1978).…”

Section: Previous Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pedogenic Alteration of Basalts Recovered during Leg 144

Holmes¹

1995

Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, 144 Scientific Results

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Basalts erupted to form the atolls and guyots of the Western Pacific have been altered in various ways, ranging from hydrothermal alteration to subaerial weathering by meteoric waters in a tropical environment. Subaerial weathering has been moderate to extreme. Moderate subaerial weathering is expressed by dissolution or replacement of primary minerals (olivine, pyroxenes, plagioclase feldspar) and alteration of glassy or aphanitic matrix to clay minerals, goethite, and hematite. The clay minerals are kaolinite or a brown smectite. Kaolinite concentrations decrease downhole and smectite concentrations increase. Although primary minerals are generally not preserved, primary structures, such as vesicles (generally filled by secondary or tertiary minerals), flow structure, or relict breccia structure, remain evident. Extreme subaerial weathering is expressed by the loss of all primary minerals as well as all traces of primary structures, presumably by plant root and soil infaunal bioturbation, resulting in recognizable soil. Kaolinite, goethite, and hematite have replaced all primary components. Hydrothermal alteration is expressed by the presence of analcime and delicate zonation in vesicles and veins of secondary minerals. The hydrothermal clay in this case is a green smectite; analcime and other zeolites are present.Soil development has occurred at Sites 871 (28.6 m thick), 873 (22.5 m), 874 (15 m), 877 (5 m), and possibly 878 (9.6 m) and 879 (40.2 m). Sites 871 and 873 exhibit the most extreme weathering and pedogenesis, expressed by soil horizonation, loss of parent relict structure, and distinct vertical zonations of mineral and chemical compositions, from kaolinitic at the surface to smectitic at the base. B horizons were identified from these paleosols, and a possible reworked A horizon occurs at Site 871. The relict parent structure is still very evident in the clays at Sites 874, 877, 878, and 879 as well as in the deeper parts of Sites 871 and 873. These are interpreted as C horizons. The parent materials-lava flows and epiclastic volcanic deposits-are completely altered to clay: to kaolinite at Site 874 and to kaolinite and smectite at the others. The clays at Site 877 are vertically zoned; they are not vertically zoned at Sites 878 or 879. The clays at Sites 878 and 879 may have been altered by groundwater, are very deep parts of soil profiles, or else are the products of multiple deposition and pedogenic events.The depth of soil development and the mineral composition (absence of gibbsite) suggest that at Site 871 on Limalok Guyot, soils developed in upland areas were subjected to annual rainfall of less than 1 m. Relief was at least tens of meters and possibly more. The presence of a drab mottled horizon at Site 873 indicates it formed in a poorly drained, possibly low-lying area on Wodejebato Island. Rainfall here was also insufficient to generate gibbsite. Similar depths of weathering mantles and the degree of soil development that occurs on older land surfaces of the older Hawaiian Islands...

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The Claystone Layer between Two Basalt Flows in Hole 432A: An Argument for the Emergence of Nintoku Seamount

Cited by 5 publications

References 4 publications

Clay Stratigraphy at Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 576 and 578, Leg 86 (Western North Pacific)

Clay Stratigraphy at Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 576 and 578, Leg 86 (Western North Pacific)

Main aspects of the theory of ore-bearing weathering mantles in the 21st century

Pedogenic Alteration of Basalts Recovered during Leg 144

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