The Clemedson Blast Tube

Davidsson, Johan; Arborelius, Ulf P.; Ohlsson, Lars-Gunnar; Kawa, Lizan; Ng, Kian Chye; Lu, Jia; Risling, Mårten

doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-9711-4_8

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The first peak pressure had a duration of 3.5 ms, which may be slower than in air blast using explosives, where peak pressures may be in the range of 0.5 ms, although longer peak pressures are also possible. 7 Investigating EEG in animals under general anesthesia requires some considerations. General anesthesia produces distinct patterns on the EEG, the most common of which is a progressive increase in lowfrequency, high-amplitude activity as the level of general anesthesia deepens.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Experimental Model for the Study of Underwater Pressure Waves on the Central Nervous System in Rodents: A Feasibility Study

et al. 2021

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Underwater blast differs from blast in air. The increased density and viscosity of water relative to air cause injuries to occur almost exclusively as primary blast, and may cause disorientation in a diver, which may lead to inability to protect the airway and cause drowning. However, cognitive impairments from under water blast wave exposure have not been properly investigated, and no experimental model has been described. We established an experimental model (water shock tube) for simulating the effects of underwater blast pressure waves in rodents, and to investigate neurology in relation to organ injury. The model produced standardized pressure waves (duration of the primary peak 3.5 ms, duration of the entire complex waveform including all subsequent reflections 325 ms, mean impulse 141–281 kPa-ms, mean peak pressure 91–194 kPa). 31 rats were randomized to control (n = 6), exposure 90 kPa (n = 8), 152 kPa (n = 8), and 194 kPa (n = 9). There was a linear trend between the drop height of the water shock tube and electroencephalography (EEG) changes (p = 0.014), while no differences in oxygen saturation, heart rate, S100b or macroscopic bleedings were detected. Microscopic bleedings were detected in lung, intestines, and meninges. Underwater pressure waves caused changes in EEG, at pressures when mild hemorrhage occurred in organs, suggesting an impact on brain functions. The consistent injury profile enabled for the addition of future experimental interventions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Experimental Model for the Study of Underwater Pressure Waves on the Central Nervous System in Rodents: A Feasibility Study

et al. 2021

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“…At the pressure waves employed for this study, no bleeding has been detected from the airways with the body protection used. The primary pressure peak of this model is very short, and its shape is akin to the classical Friedländer curve, thus more representative of open-field detonations rather than those found in confined spaces with reflections ( 40 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…It has been recently modified to better control for pressure wave-induced acceleration of the animals mounted into the tube. The parameters of the resulting primary blast wave have been thoroughly studied and reported in Davidsson et al ( 40 ). At the pressure waves employed for this study, no bleeding has been detected from the airways with the body protection used.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rapid conversion of an explosive into gas during a detonation, results in an immediate increase in atmospheric pressure, followed by a sudden drop. These extreme pressure changes can result in complex and distinct classifications of blast injuries: primary (a result of the pressure wave coming into contact with the head, causing a transient pressure increase and tissue deformation), secondary (caused by projectiles from explosive devices), tertiary (the high-velocity blast wind propelling persons or objects into the air causing subsequent collisions and injury or causing tissue shearing), quaternary (other injuries from the explosive effects such as burns), and even quinary blast injury (additional injuries or morbidities resulting from additives to explosives or other environmental contaminants) ( 40 , 41 ). These injuries interact with many cellular and molecular processes including the aforementioned monoamine and peptide systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex-Specific Differences in Rodents Following a Single Primary Blast Exposure: Focus on the Monoamine and Galanin Systems

et al. 2020

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Most blast-induced traumatic brain injuries (bTBI) are mild in severity and culpable for the lingering and persistent neuropsychological complaints in affected individuals. There is evidence that the prevalence of symptoms post-exposure may be sex-specific. Our laboratory has focused on changes in the monoamine and the neuropeptide, galanin, systems in male rodents following primary bTBI. In this study, we aimed to replicate these findings in female rodents. Brainstem sections from the locus coeruleus (LC) and dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN) were processed for in situ hybridisation at 1 and 7 days post-bTBI. We investigated changes in the transcripts for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), tryptophan hydroxylase two (TPH2) and galanin. Like in males, we found a transient increase in TH transcript levels bilaterally in the female LC. Changes in TPH2 mRNA were more pronounced and extensive in the DRN of females compared to males. Galanin mRNA was increased bilaterally in the LC and DRN, although this increase was not apparent until day 7 in the LC. Serum analysis revealed an increase in corticosterone, but only in exposed females. These changes occurred without any visible signs of white matter injury, cell death, or blood–brain barrier breakdown. Taken together, in the apparent absence of visible structural damage to the brain, the monoamine and galanin systems, two key players in emotional regulation, are activated deferentially in males and females following primary blast exposure. These similarities and differences should be considered when developing and evaluating diagnostic and therapeutic interventions for bTBI.

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The Clemedson Blast Tube

Cited by 2 publications

References 16 publications

An Experimental Model for the Study of Underwater Pressure Waves on the Central Nervous System in Rodents: A Feasibility Study

An Experimental Model for the Study of Underwater Pressure Waves on the Central Nervous System in Rodents: A Feasibility Study

Sex-Specific Differences in Rodents Following a Single Primary Blast Exposure: Focus on the Monoamine and Galanin Systems

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