The climate-induced alteration of future geographic distribution of aflatoxin in peanut crops and its adaptation options

Abstract

Because of its negative effect on health, aflatoxin has become one of the most important mycotoxins in the world. As climate stress is one of the main triggers of aflatoxin incidence, climate change could affect its geographic distribution. The primary aim of this study was to examine the effect of climate change on the future distribution of aflatoxin in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L) crops in Australia. The projected distributions in 2030, 2050, 2070, and 2100 were modelled by employing CLIMEX (CLIMatic indEX) model using two Global Climate Models (GCMs), i.e. CSIRO-Mk3.0 and MIROC-H based on SRES A2 and SRES A1B climate scenarios. This study has successfully developed CLIMEX model parameters for aflatoxin, and confirmed the climatic zones preference of aflatoxin incidence, as concluded by other studies. Therefore, the model parameters are applicable in all parts of the world. The projection results in Australia confirm that climate change affects the future distribution of aflatoxin, including the distribution in the current peanut growing areas. Shifts in aflatoxin invasion areas from the tropical and subtropical climate zones of the eastern part of Australia to the temperate climate zones of the south-eastern and south-western parts of the country were projected by 2100. Thus, adaptation and mitigation measures are needed to overcome the negative impacts in the future. Options for these measures include relocation of planting areas, development of host-plant resistance, proper agricultural practices, and mitigation actions by using physical, chemical, and biological approaches.

The Challenge of Global Aflatoxins Legislation with a Focus on Peanuts and Peanut Products: A Systematic Review

“…Another study conducted on future distribution of aflatoxins in peanuts in Australia indicated that a shift in toxin production from eastern areas to the southeast and southwest of Australia would occur by 2100. While only a small area of Australia would present the optimal climate conditions for the production of aflatoxins, this included the current peanut producing areas (Haerani et al 2020).…”

“…are most abundant between latitudes 26° to 35° north or south of the equator, and therefore are commonly found in subtropical and tropical climates as opposed to more temperate areas of the world (CAST 2003;Wilson et al 2002). Although aflatoxins in peanuts are limited primarily to preharvest infections, post-harvest contamination also can occur if Aspergillus infection is present and proper storage conditions are not maintained (Haerani et al 2020). Depending on the environmental conditions, a wide range of mitigation strategies to reduce contamination levels in crops may be required.…”

Tissue Organoid Cultures Metabolize Dietary Carcinogens Proficiently and Are Effective Models for DNA Adduct Formation

“…AFB 1 is a potent liver carcinogen that has been classified as a human carcinogen (Group 1) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). , AFB 1 contamination is prevalent worldwide but highest in regions with high temperature and humidity, such as Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. However, it is expected that due to climate change, additional regions will start to see significant contamination of crops with AFB 1 . , The metabolic activation of AFB 1 occurs in mammalian liver by the action of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, particularly CYP3A4 and CYP1A2, to produce the highly reactive metabolite AFB 1 -8,9-epoxide, which can bind to DNA to form the DNA adduct, 8,9-dihydro-8-( N 7 -guanyl)-9-hydroxy-AFB 1 (AFB 1 - N 7 -Gua), which in turn can be converted to the persistent and highly mutagenic ring-opened adduct 8,9-dihydro-8-(2,6-diamino-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimid-5-yl-formamido)-9-hydroxy-AFB 1 (AFB 1 –FapyGua) (Figure A). − …”