The Climode Field Campaign: Observing the Cycle of Convection and Restratification over the Gulf Stream

Marshall, John; Ferrari, Raffaele; Forget, Gaël; Maze, Guillaume; Andersson, Axel; Bates, Nicholas R.; Dewar, William K.; Doney, Scott C.; Fratantoni, David M.; Joyce, Terrence M.; Straneo, Fiammetta; Toole, John M.; Weller, Robert A.; Edson, James B.; Gregg, Michael C.; Kelly, Kathryn A.; Lozier, Susan; Palter, Jaime B.; Lumpkin, Rick; Samelson, R. M.; Skyllingstad, Eric D.; Silverthorne, Katherine E.; Talley, Lynne D.; Thomas, Leif N.

doi:10.1175/2009bams2706.1

Cited by 88 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…0.262 Pg C or 34 % of the total sink) must be due to changes in DIC contents during formation of the STMW at the outcrop due to a combination of changes in air-sea gas exchange rates and water mass contributions to STMW. With movement northward of the Gulf Stream and STMW outcrop during an NAO positive period, entrainment of high DIC from deeper water (as shown in DIC sections across the STMW outcrop, Marshall et al, 2009;Andersson et al, 2012) and less mixing with relatively low DIC subtropical gyre waters during winter STMW formation potentially contribute to higher DIC input into the STMW (Fig. 5e).…”

Section: N R Bates: Multi-decadal Uptake Of Carbon Dioxide Into Submentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-decadal uptake of carbon dioxide into subtropical mode water of the North Atlantic Ocean

Bates

2012

Biogeosciences

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Abstract. Natural climate variability impacts the multidecadal uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (C ant ) into the North Atlantic Ocean subpolar and subtropical gyres. Previous studies have shown that there is significant uptake of CO 2 into subtropical mode water (STMW) of the North Atlantic. STMW forms south of the Gulf Stream in winter and constitutes the dominant upper-ocean water mass in the subtropical gyre of the North Atlantic Ocean. Observations at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site near Bermuda show an increase in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) of +1.51 ± 0.08 µmol kg −1 yr −1 between 1988 and 2011, but also an increase in ocean acidification indicators such as pH at rates (−0.0022 ± 0.0002 yr −1 ) higher than the surface ocean . It is estimated that the sink of CO 2 into STMW was 0.985 ± 0.018 Pg C (Pg = 10 15 g C) between 1988 and 2011 (70 ± 1.8 % of which is due to uptake of C ant ). The sink of CO 2 into the STMW is 20 % of the CO 2 uptake in the North Atlantic Ocean between 14 • -50 • N (Takahashi et al., 2009). However, the STMW sink of CO 2 was strongly coupled to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), with large uptake of CO 2 into STMW during the 1990s during a predominantly NAO positive phase. In contrast, uptake of CO 2 into STMW was much reduced in the 2000s during the NAO neutral/negative phase. Thus, NAO induced variability of the STMW CO 2 sink is important when evaluating multi-decadal changes in North Atlantic Ocean CO 2 sinks.

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Section: N R Bates: Multi-decadal Uptake Of Carbon Dioxide Into Submentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-decadal uptake of carbon dioxide into subtropical mode water of the North Atlantic Ocean

Bates

2012

Biogeosciences

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“…It is important to decompose EPVFs into divergent and rotational (nondivergent) components when looking at their contributions to eddy-mean flow interactions (Marshall and Shutts 1981). We first present our method for decomposing eddy fluxes and then in the next section demonstrate the importance for this decomposition in determining eddy diffusivities.…”

Section: Eddy Potential Vorticity Fluxes a Divergent Fluxesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Next, we can neglect mean advection of enstrophy [LHS term in Eq. (19)] based on the arguments in Marshall and Shutts (1981) that the large rotational component of EPVF balances the mean advection of eddy enstrophy and does not contribute to eddy-mean flow interactions:…”

Section: B Eddy Enstrophy Dissipation and Eddy Diffusivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are still many open questions about what processes drive the formation and evolution of STMW. This question motivated recent observational field campaigns in the KEx, the KEx System Study (KESS) (Donohue et al 2008), and Gulf Stream, Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) Mode Water Dynamic Experiment (CLIMODE) (Marshall et al 2009). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rapid Eddy-Induced Modification of Subtropical Mode Water during the Kuroshio Extension System Study

Bishop

Watts

2014

Journal of Physical Oceanography

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From 2004From to 2006 an observational array of current-and pressure-recording inverted echo sounders (CPIES) were deployed as part of the Kuroshio Extension (KEx) System Study (KESS). KESS observed a transition from a weakly meandering (''stable'') to strongly meandering (''unstable'') state (Qiu and Chen). As the KEx made this transition, potential vorticity (PV) observed within the southern recirculation gyre (SRG) rapidly increased from January to July 2005. In this study, the authors diagnose eddy PV fluxes (EPVFs) in isentropic coordinates within the subtropical mode water (STMW) layer from the CPIES data to determine the role of mesoscale eddies in this rapid increase of PV.The rapid increase in PV within the SRG coincided with enhanced cross-front EPVFs and eddy PV flux convergence upstream of a mean trough in the KEx path and adjacent to the SRG. The enhanced cross-front EPVFs were the result of the formation of a cold-core ring (CCR) and the interaction of the jet with a preexisting CCR. Eddy diffusivities are diagnosed for the unstable regime with values that range from 100 to 2000 m 2 s 21. The high eddy diffusivities during the unstable regime reflect the nature of mesoscale CCR formation and CCR-jet interaction as efficient mechanisms for stirring and mixing high PV waters from the north side of the KEx into the low PV waters of the SRG where STMW resides. This mechanism for crossfrontal exchange can explain observed increases in the STMW PV in the SRG over the 16 months of KESS observations.

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“…Floats and other instruments have been used as drifting "targets" for shipboard surveys during many oceanographic field campaigns, including IronEx-I (1993;Coale et al, 1998), the CLIvar MOde water Dynamics Experiment (CLIMODE, 2006(CLIMODE, -2007Marshall et al, 2009), Assessing the Effects of Submesoscale Ocean Parameterizations (AESOP, 2006(AESOP, -2007D' Asaro et al, 2011), North Atlantic Bloom Experiment (2008Mahadevan et al, 2012), Scalable Lateral Mixing and Coherent Turbulence (LatMix, 2011(LatMix, -2012Shcherbina et al, 2015b), and several others. In the LatMix program, for example, a variety of Lagrangian platforms (gliders, profiling and Lagrangian floats, surface drifters) and several vessels formed an observational array that moved with an evolving feature rather than remaining in a fixed coordinate system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autonomous Multi-Platform Observations During the Salinity Processes in the Upper-ocean Regional Study

Lindstrom¹,

Shcherbina²,

Rainville³

et al. 2017

Oceanog.

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The Climode Field Campaign: Observing the Cycle of Convection and Restratification over the Gulf Stream

Abstract: A field experiment observes wintertime atmospheric and oceanic convection over the Gulf Stream, where the ocean gives up its heat to the atmosphere during intense storms.

Cited by 88 publications

References 23 publications

Multi-decadal uptake of carbon dioxide into subtropical mode water of the North Atlantic Ocean

Multi-decadal uptake of carbon dioxide into subtropical mode water of the North Atlantic Ocean

Rapid Eddy-Induced Modification of Subtropical Mode Water during the Kuroshio Extension System Study

Autonomous Multi-Platform Observations During the Salinity Processes in the Upper-ocean Regional Study

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