The clinical anatomy of crucifixion

Bordes, Stephen J; Jenkins, Skyler; McBain, Lexian; Hanna, Amgad S.; Loukas, Marios; Tubbs, R. Shane

doi:10.1002/ca.23386

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The victim would ultimately have been unable to lift their body enough to breathe sufficiently, leading to death by asphyxiation. 48 This cause of death seems to match the biblical data, for the Roman soldiers had to break the legs of the other two crucified men who did not die to accelerate their death; whereas, they did not have to do the same for Jesus. In monitoring his condition, they found him dead (John 19:32-33).…”

Section: The Un-scientific Aspect Of the Swoon Theorysupporting

confidence: 60%

The Crucifixion in the Qur’an: Answering Muslim’s Claims Regarding the Death of Jesus Christ

Khouri

2021

Transformation: An International Journal of Holistic Mission St

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Was Jesus crucified on the cross? Did Jesus die by crucifixion? This topic generates so much emotion and conflict in Christian-Islamic dialogue as many theories have developed to prove one side of the equation. While several methods can answer Islamic objections against the biblical belief, the evidential Apologetics is the best method to provide evidence for the Christian claims. Evidential Apologetics is one of the methods that seeks to prove the truthfulness of the Christian worldview by showing historical and scientific evidences. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to use the evidential method to answer three major objections that Muslims raise against the crucifixion of Jesus: Jesus was never crucified, the swoon theory, and the substitute theory. The paper will conclude that there are surmounted historical and scientific evidences that support the event of Jesus’s crucifixion.

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Section: The Un-scientific Aspect Of the Swoon Theorysupporting

confidence: 60%

The Crucifixion in the Qur’an: Answering Muslim’s Claims Regarding the Death of Jesus Christ

Khouri

2021

Transformation: An International Journal of Holistic Mission St

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“…However, this technique would require greater control by the executioner to keep one foot on top of the other while driving the nail [ 14 ]. It seems that the iconographic practice of representing the feet of Jesus crucified separately—that is, fixed by two different nails—was widespread until the twelfth century.…”

Section: Definition and Historical Importancementioning

confidence: 99%

A historical review of calcaneal fractures: from the crucifixion of Jesus Christ and Don Juan injuries to the current plate osteosynthesis

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Refolo

Zinnarello

et al. 2022

International Orthopaedics (SICOT)

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Purpose Calcaneal fractures are one of the most challenging injuries to treat and one of the most divisive. The purpose of this historical review is to highlight the evidence of calcaneal fracture and its treatment through history. Methods Archaeological, religious, artistic, literary and historical accounts were searched for descriptions of calcaneal fracture to give a thorough overview of the subject. The scientific literature was searched to highlight the evolution of treatment techniques. Results For over 2500 years, the only available option was conservative treatment due to the high risk of infection and limb loss in a world without antibiotics, plastic surgery techniques and adequate osteosynthesis devices. At the beginning of the twentieth century, treatment was still rather crude, consisting of closed reduction by impaction by a Cotton’s mallet, immobilisation of the foot into presses and strict bed rest in a plaster cast for five weeks. Only in the case of untreatable pain, triple arthrodesis could be employed. Regardless, the results were dismal. The debate on the superiority of open reduction and primary subtalar arthrodesis over open and closed reduction spans the entire history of medicine. Conclusion The long path of history has brought great improvement in the treatment of calcaneus fracture, but the debate about the best treatment is far from being over. There is a lack of good quality randomised control trials conducted according to an agreed set of outcome scores despite some excellent efforts. Therefore, despite the attempts made over the years and new, more precise prognostic scores, the outcomes of each technique in use today are as unique as the individuals who suffer from a calcaneal fracture.

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“…Nevertheless, recent authors have stated that asphyxiation has reached consensus status among medical authors as the cause of death in crucifixion (Bordes et al 2020; Habermas, Kopel, and Shaw 2021; Habermas and Shaw 2021; Ingham and Duhig 2022). For instance“This article surveys a broad range of medical specialist views regarding Jesus’ experience on the cross, concluding that asphyxiation or asphyxiation-dominant theories have emerged as the consensus position regarding the cause of Jesus’ death” (Habermas and Shaw 2021)…”

Section: A Recent Consensus?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other medical professionals have carried on the promotion of the asphyxiation theory to the present day without proposing evidence to support it (Retief and Cilliers 2003; Papaloucas 2004; Bordes et al 2020; Habermas, Kopel, and Shaw 2021).…”

Section: Mödder’s Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, recent authors have stated that asphyxiation has reached consensus status among medical authors as the cause of death in crucifixion (Bordes et al 2020;Habermas, Kopel, and Shaw 2021;Ingham and Duhig 2022). For instance "This article surveys a broad range of medical specialist views regarding Jesus' experience on the cross, concluding that asphyxiation or asphyxiation-dominant theories have emerged as the consensus position regarding the cause of Jesus' death" That article simply tallies results of a literature search that found that in 40 articles and books written by physicians proposing a specific cause of death in crucifixion, 28 (70%) stated that asphyxiation was the primary cause (Habermas, Kopel, and Shaw 2021, Table 1).…”

Section: A Recent Consensus?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Did Jesus Die by Suffocation?: An Appraisal of the Evidence

McGovern

Kaminskas

Fernandes³

2022

Linacre Q

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A majority of medical and lay articles regarding crucifixion, and specifically the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, now state that suffocation was the primary cause of death from crucifixion. An in-depth analysis reveals that this theory is based on a form of torture unrelated to crucifixion and that no evidence directly linking suffocation to crucifixion has been published. Indeed, a thorough review of available ancient evidence from literature, artwork, graffiti, and modern archeology and re-enactment studies reveals no evidence in favor of suffocation and much evidence against suffocation as the cause of death in typically-portrayed crucifixions, and particularly for the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. Researchers are encouraged to look elsewhere for the most likely cause or causes of death from crucifixion. It may be time to abandon the idea that suffocation was the primary cause of death in crucifixion.

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The clinical anatomy of crucifixion

Cited by 8 publications

References 19 publications

The Crucifixion in the Qur’an: Answering Muslim’s Claims Regarding the Death of Jesus Christ

The Crucifixion in the Qur’an: Answering Muslim’s Claims Regarding the Death of Jesus Christ

A historical review of calcaneal fractures: from the crucifixion of Jesus Christ and Don Juan injuries to the current plate osteosynthesis

Did Jesus Die by Suffocation?: An Appraisal of the Evidence

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