The clinical relevance of altered fibrinogen packaging in the presence of 17β-estradiol and progesterone

Abstract

 17β-estradiol and progesterone are shown to induce a prothrombotic state. The clinical importance when considering hormones as therapeutic intervention. AbstractBackground: The effect of endogenous hormone concentrations, specifically 17β-estradiol and

Benefits of Hormone Therapy Estrogens Depend on Estrogen Type: 17β-Estradiol and Conjugated Equine Estrogens Have Differential Effects on Cognitive, Anxiety-Like, and Depressive-Like Behaviors and Increase Tryptophan Hydroxylase-2 mRNA Levels in Dorsal Raphe Nucleus Subregions

“…In particular, progestins are prescribed in women to offset the risks associated with the use of unopposed estrogens, including venous thromboembolism, stroke, endometrial hyperplasia, and endometrial cancer (Smith et al, 1975; Ziel and Finkle, 1975; Mørch et al, 2016; Swanepoel et al, 2016). Compared to estrogen alone, combined estrogen and progestin treatment can have distinct cognitive effects, depending on multiple factors (for review, please see Acosta et al, 2013).…”

Gender proteomics II. Which proteins in sexual organs

“…Indeed, systematic cyclical variations of fibrinogen levels along the menstrual cycle have been reported, but individual cycling was small in comparison with intra-individual variability [16]. Morphology and viscoelastic properties of fibrin clots were found to depend on the levels of estrogen and progesterone [17]. In post-menopausal women without medication, fibrinogen correlates with endogenous estrogen levels, the association being stronger among women with body mass index over 25 kg/m 2 [18].…”

Mechanical and Physical Behavior of Fibrin Clot Formation and Lysis in Combined Oral Contraceptive Users

“…All participants were healthy individuals with no medical history of thrombosis, nonsmokers and were not using any chronic medication (other than those specified as inclusion criteria). Since endogenous estrogen and progesterone modifies the fibrin structure (Swanepoel et al, 2014a(Swanepoel et al, , 2016a(Swanepoel et al, , 2016b, blood was collected during menses, when these hormones are at their lowest for the control group. To ensure consistent results for the DRSP/EE groups, blood was collected from the participants after at least 7 days of consistently taking the active pills containing DRSP/20EE or DRSP/30EE (Reif et al, 2013).…”

“…For SEM analysis, 10 μL of PPP along with 5 μL of 20 U/mL human thrombin provided by the South African National Blood Services (SANBS) were pipetted onto a round glass coverslip to prepare duplicate fibrin clot smears for each sample as previously described (Swanepoel, 2016;Swanepoel et al, 2014bSwanepoel et al, , 2016aSwanepoel et al, , 2016b.…”