The clinical significance of biochemical failure in the first 2 years in patients treated with neo-adjuvant androgen deprivation and radiotherapy for prostate cancer

Stricker, Raphael B.; Johnson, Lorraine

doi:10.7243/2052-5958-1-2

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…How much time might the motile form of bacteria need to change its morphology or to hide in vertebrate host tissues in vivo when such changes triggered by an unfriendly environment in vitro can occur in minutes or hours? Even if antibiotic monotherapy is started shortly after exposure to a tick, the LD treatment paradox could occur anyway: frontline LD antibiotics can trigger the establishment of a persister subpopulation in vivo as it has been proven by the confirmation of chronic infection in multiple animal species and humans [23, 48, 49, 85, 106, 114]. Atypical dormant spirochete forms, persisters, survive in a Borrelia -infected host for years, regardless of antibiotic treatment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The formation of RBs in vitro as a response to exposure to the β-lactam antibiotics commonly recommended for LD treatment was described more than 20 years ago [105]. Persistence of Borrelia in hosts after antibiotic treatment has been already confirmed [17, 32, 48, 49, 85]. Atypical cystic forms were also observed in the cerebral cortex of a patient with chronic Lyme neuroborreliosis [101].…”

Section: Different Stressors: Diverse Pleomorphic Formsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metamorphoses of Lyme disease spirochetes: phenomenon of Borrelia persisters

et al. 2019

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The survival of spirochetes from the Borrelia burgdorferi ( sensu lato ) complex in a hostile environment is achieved by the regulation of differential gene expression in response to changes in temperature, salts, nutrient content, acidity fluctuation, multiple host or vector dependent factors, and leads to the formation of dormant subpopulations of cells. From the other side, alterations in the level of gene expression in response to antibiotic pressure leads to the establishment of a persisters subpopulation. Both subpopulations represent the cells in different physiological states. “Dormancy” and “persistence” do share some similarities, e.g. both represent cells with low metabolic activity that can exist for extended periods without replication, both constitute populations with different gene expression profiles and both differ significantly from replicating forms of spirochetes. Persisters are elusive, present in low numbers, morphologically heterogeneous, multi-drug-tolerant cells that can change with the environment. The definition of “persisters” substituted the originally-used term “survivors”, referring to the small bacterial population of Staphylococcus that survived killing by penicillin. The phenomenon of persisters is present in almost all bacterial species; however, the reasons why Borrelia persisters form are poorly understood. Persisters can adopt varying sizes and shapes, changing from well-known forms to altered morphologies. They are capable of forming round bodies, L-form bacteria, microcolonies or biofilms-like aggregates, which remarkably change the response of Borrelia to hostile environments. Persisters remain viable despite aggressive antibiotic challenge and are able to reversibly convert into motile forms in a favorable growth environment. Persisters are present in significant numbers in biofilms, which has led to the explanation of biofilm tolerance to antibiotics. Considering that biofilms are associated with numerous chronic diseases through their resilient presence in the human body, it is not surprising that interest in persisting cells has consequently accelerated. Certain diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria (e.g. tuberculosis, syphilis or leprosy) are commonly chronic in nature and often recur despite antibiotic treatment. Three decades of basic and clinical research have not yet provided a definite answer to the question: is there a connection between persisting spirochetes and recurrence of Lyme disease in patients?

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Different Stressors: Diverse Pleomorphic Formsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metamorphoses of Lyme disease spirochetes: phenomenon of Borrelia persisters

et al. 2019

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Borrelia burgdorferi aggrecanase activity: more evidence for persistent infection in Lyme disease

Stricker¹,

Johnson²

2013

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Lyme disease is the most common tickborne illness in the world today. A recent study describes for the first time an enzyme produced by the spirochetal agent of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, that cleaves aggrecan, a proteoglycan found in joints and connective tissue. Discovery of the spirochetal aggrecanase raises many questions about the pathogenesis of Lyme arthritis and lends support to the concept of persistent B. burgdorferi infection in patients with chronic Lyme disease symptoms.

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The clinical significance of biochemical failure in the first 2 years in patients treated with neo-adjuvant androgen deprivation and radiotherapy for prostate cancer

Cited by 2 publications

References 104 publications

Metamorphoses of Lyme disease spirochetes: phenomenon of Borrelia persisters

Metamorphoses of Lyme disease spirochetes: phenomenon of Borrelia persisters

Borrelia burgdorferi aggrecanase activity: more evidence for persistent infection in Lyme disease

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